Senons (Latin Senones [1] , Greek Σήνωνες and Σένονες [2] ) - in ancient times, a powerful Celtic tribe (or two tribes [3] ). One part of the Senons lived during the time of Julius Caesar in Lugdunskaya Gaul , and bordered in the north with the Parisians , in the west with the Karnuts , in the south with the Aedaeans and in the east with Lingons , fights and Mandubs . Now the French departments of Seine and Marne , Loiret , Yonne [4] as well as the cities of Sens , Auxerre are located on this territory. Another part of the Cenons (or other Cenons) in the V — III centuries BC lived in Italy between the cities of Ravenna and Ancona .
Content
- 1 Senons of Italy
- 2 Senons of Gaul
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 4.1 Research
- 4.2 Primary sources
Senones of Italy
About 400 BC, part of the Senons moved to northern Italy . The causes, sequence and nature of this relocation both ancient authors and modern researchers explain in different ways. According to one version set forth by Titus Livy [5] writes that during the reign of Tarquinius the Ancient, the ruler of the tribe was . After the population increased Ambicat "decided to rid his kingdom of an excess of people." Two of his nephews (sons of his sister) and were to lead detachment units. Segovez headed to Hercynian Forest [6] , and Belovez to Italy. Among the tribes that migrated with Belovez, senons are also indicated. That is, the senons are indicated in the first wave of Celtic tribes who settled on the Apennine peninsula. But already in the next paragraph Titus Livy wrote that the Senons were the last Celtic tribe to be on the peninsula and therefore they got the southernmost of the lands inhabited by the Celts [7] . Diodorus of Sicily called the reason for the resettlement, that "the region was dried up by the heat, they were in a difficult situation." According to Diodorus, the number of senons who moved to Italy was 30 thousand people [8] .
inclined to the version that the Senons came last indicated that D. Vitali adhered to a different version [9] . G. Birkhan wrote that the Senons, together with the battles, destroyed the rich city of Melp, which was in upper Italy [10] .
The Senons settled near the Adriatic Sea between the Itis and Esis [11] rivers (between the cities of Ravenna and Ancona [12] ), since most of the northern Italian lands were already occupied by other Celtic tribes. Here they founded the city of Seine Gallic [13] . This area began to be called the “Gallic Field” ( lat. Ciger Gallic us ) [14] .
In the year 391 [15] / 390 [16] / 387 [17] the Celts (Appian and Polybius did not specify the name of the tribe [18] / Senona (Titus Livius [19] Diodorus of Sicily [20] ; is listed in the Great Russian Encyclopedia, Britannica) started a war with the Etruscan city of Clusius . The inhabitants of Clusius turned to the Romans for help. The Romans sent envoys, either as ambassadors (from Appian) or as spies (from Diodorus), but the mission failed because one of the Roman envoys together with the Klusins attacked to the Celts. In response to the demand to extradite them, Rome refused. Soon between the Cenons and Rome s there was a collision, resulting in the defeat of the Romans at the river Alliya; capture of Rome in .. 387 BC and the siege of the Capitol ., which lasted for more than 6 months, emaciated by famine and army Celts disease was forced to retreat, but for this Senonian chief Brennus previously requested a ransom of 1000 pounds of gold Titus Livius claimed that the dictator Camillus did not allow the Romans to make this ransom and defeated the Celts, but the rest of the authors (Polybius, Diodorus of Sicily, the Great Russian Encyclopedia) did not report such a battle, but on the contrary whether that the Celts left Rome with rich prey [21]
Senons actively contacted the Greeks of the Adriatic. According to archaeologists, the Senons were a warlike and wealthy people. Senons had their own coins. Ass was the basis of the money, but it was much heavier than the Roman ace . The monetary gradation of value was based on the decimal system. On the obverse of the coins depicted creatures and objects associated with the sea (dolphins, tridents, ship keels, shells), on the reverse - the head of the Celt [22] .
Archaeological finds of the Senons (including those in the Waldalsheim style) were found:
- in Moscano di Fabiano in the upper part of the Ezipo Valley - the scabbard of the sword of a warrior
- finds in Santa Paolpna di Filottrano in the Mouzon Valley
- in Montefortino d'Archevia, Latin weapons [23] .
Soon (about 368 years) after the Celts' campaign in Rome, the tyrant Syracuse Dionysius the Elder (who owned the city of Atria and fought with the Etruscans, as well as the city of Ancona) invited them to his place as a hired army [24] . The Senons lived closest to this area (and according to some authors, they went to Rome).
The wars between the Romans and the Italian Senons continued almost continuously. In the battle for Arretius, senons and fights who joined the Etruscans defeated the Romans, but a year later [25] they were defeated by the consul Dolabella in the battle of Lake Vadimon . Chief was captured [26] . Some of the senons were destroyed, some were expelled, but according to G. Birkhan, some survived until the second half of the 3rd century BC. e. / II century BC e. Around 280, a Roman colony was founded on the sites of the Senonian city of Seine [27] . In 268, the Romans founded the colony of Ariminius (present-day Rimini ) in the Senonian land, by which time the production of Senonian coins had ceased. In 232 BC e. The “Gallic field” was confiscated by the Romans according to the Flaminiev law [28] .
Senons of Gaul
Some of the Senons lived in Lugdun Gaul and bordered in the north with the Parisians , in the west with the Karnuts , in the south with the Aedae and in the east with the Lingons , battles and Mandubs [29] . The main city of the Senons was Agedink [30] (Agedinkum [31] ) ( lat. Agedincum [32] , also called Lat. Civitas Senonum [33] or Senones , now Sans ). Of the other cities, the most famous were [34] ( lat. Vellaunodunum [35] ), lat. Condate (now Montro-Phot-Yon ) [36] , Melodun [37] ( lat. Melodunum [38] or lat. Metlosedum , now Melon ), Ariaka ( Latin Ariaca ) [39] , Ship [40] ( Latin Corabilium [41] ), Autissiodorus [42] ( Latin Autissiodurum [43] or Latin Antissiodurum , now Auxerre ), ( lat. Aquae Segestae later Fontainebleau ) [44] .
The Senons owned ferries that led to the Burgundy Gate and Sonya. They were engaged in river transport [45] .
According to Caesar, the Parisians and Cenons not only were not only neighbors, but “in the memory of our fathers united with them into one community” [46] .
By the time of Caesar, the Senons were one of the few areas in which royal power was preserved [47] . By the time the Gali War began , the "king" of the was , who inherited this right from his ancestors [48] .
As a result of the conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar “king” of the placed , the brother of Moritazg, who had ruled earlier [49] . According to G. Birkhan, Caesar displaced Moritazg [50] But according to Caesar, the Senons did not like the reign of Kavarin, they planned to kill the “king”. And learning about this, Kavarin fled. The Senons tried to justify themselves before Caesar, but he demanded that the entire “Senate” of the tribe appear to him [51] . In 53 BC e. Caesar convened a general congress in Lutetia, the capital of the Parisians. Representatives of senons, carnuts and trevers did not appear at it. Julius Caesar began a campaign against the Senons. The head of the conspirators, called the tribe to resistance, but because of the rapid arrival of the Romans, the Senons reconciled with them and gave 100 hostages. The care of these hostages was entrusted to the Aedu. Based on this, G. Birkhan considers the Eduev to be the guardians / patrons of the Senons. [52] . The senons and other tribes pacified by Caesar were to provide troops to the Roman army. Julius Caesar, wanting to avoid new clashes, decided not to leave Kavarin in the tribe, but leaving him with him and ordered him to command the horsemen sent from the Senons [53] . Having made a trip to the leader of the Amburig eburons and not having caught him, Caesar returned to the winter apartments. In Gaul, he in Durocortor made a trial over that nobility of the Senons and Carnites that participated in the rebellion. Akkon was sentenced to death and executed. In the Cenonian Agedinok for the winter, there are six legions [54]
During the revolt of Vercingetorix in 52 BC. e. senons spoke in his support [55] . As a result of this war, Caesar besieged the Senonian Vellaunodun and forced to surrender forced to issue 600 hostages, weapons and cattle. Legatus Guy Trebonius [56] was to receive this. After the battle of Avarik, Caesar divided his army: four legions headed by Titus Labienus went to the Senons and Parisians, and six legions together with Caesar led to the city of Argernia in Gergovia [57] . Titus Labien, leaving leaving the replenishment that arrived from Italy in the Senonian Agedinik, moved with four legions against the Parisian Lutetia, but without taking it he retreated to Agedinck, and from there headed towards Caesar [58] .
The senons participated in the battle of Alesia and lost it. They are named among those tribes that, according to Gaius Julius Caesar, promised to set up 12,000 people each in this battle (for comparison, the Edui together with their dependent tribes promised to set up 35,000) [59] . The total strength of this Celtic army totaled 8.000 horsemen and 250.000 infantrymen [60] . In 51, on the lands of the Pictons, some of the Celts unsuccessfully fought with the legion of Guy Fabius [61] . After the defeat, part of the Celts fled among them was the leader of the part of the " who, at the very beginning of the Gaul uprising, gathered desperate people from everywhere, called for the freedom of slaves, attracted exiles from all communities, even took robbers and cut off the Romans from their convoy and from the supply of provisions " [62] .
After this defeat, Drappett gathered an army (according to Caesar: about five thousand people). And together with the they, due to the threat of the Roman legions, were forced to abandon the invasion of Narbonne Gaul and retreat to the Uppsulloodun oppidum (G. Birkhan cited the opinion that it might be , but there were other options). As a result of the struggle for Uksellodun, Drappet was captured [63] .
After the conquest of Gaul, the region was divided into several provinces. The lands of the Senons entered Lugdunsky Gaul . Pliny the Elder in his "Natural History" (dated 77 AD) lists the tribes of Gaul . Calling these peoples, he clarifies which of them were free and which were allied. When enumerating the peoples of Lugdun Gaul, he calls the Senons, but does not distinguish them from the tribes subordinate to Rome [64] . Researchers believe that after the Roman conquest, the borders of the tribes did not change, but only turned into “municipal” communities within the empire [65] .
Notes
- ↑ BDT; ESBE; The real dictionary of classical antiquities
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ British
- ↑ British
- ↑ Titus Livy Book V. 34
- ↑ There is an article in Wikisource
- ↑ Titus Livy Book V. 35
- ↑ Diodorus Sicilian Book XIV.113
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 110
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 110
- ↑ ESB
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ BDT; ESBE; The real dictionary of classical antiquities
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 110
- ↑ British
- ↑ BDT; ESBE; The real dictionary of classical antiquities
- ↑ BDT
- ↑ Appian Book IV On the Celtic Wars. 3
- ↑ Titus Livy Book V. 36
- ↑ Diodorus Sicilian Book XIV.113
- ↑ Appian Book IV On the Celtic Wars. 2-6; Polybius II, 18; Titus Livy Book V. 35-49; Diodorus of Sicily Book XIV.113-116; BDT; G. Birkhan pp. 115-118
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 110
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 110
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 121—122; G. Berve "The Tyrants of Greece": "Italy and the Adriatic" p. 291
- ↑ Theodore Mommsen “ Roman History ” Volume I Book II Chapter VII “King Pierre in the Struggle with Rome and the Unification of Italy”
- ↑ Mr. Birkhan pp. 126-127
- ↑ G. Birkhan 127
- ↑ G. Birkhan 128
- ↑ BDT; ESBE; The real dictionary of classical antiquities
- ↑ ESB
- ↑ Emil Theveno. History of the Gauls. p. 52
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ ESB
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ ESB
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ ESB
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ ESB
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
- ↑ Emil Theveno. History of the Gauls. p. 52
- ↑ Guy Julius Caesar . Gali war . VI, 3
- ↑ Fustel de Coulange History of the social system of ancient France Book First Roman Conquest. Chapter II On the state order of the Gauls. p. 17; N. S. Shirokova Political structures in the society of the Celts (Gauls) of the pre-Roman period p. 71
- ↑ Guy Julius Caesar . Gali war . V, 54; N. S. Shirokova Political structures in the society of the Celts (Gauls) of the pre-Roman period p. 71
- ↑ Guy Julius Caesar . Gali war . V, 54; N. S. Shirokova Political structures in the society of the Celts (Gauls) of the pre-Roman period p. 71
- ↑ G. Birkhan p. 240
- ↑ Caesar. V, 54-58; G. Birkhan st. 240
- ↑ Caesar. VI, 2-4; G. Birkhan pp. 241-242
- ↑ Caesar. VI, 4-5
- ↑ Caesar. VI, 43-44
- ↑ Caesar. VII, 4; G. Birkhan st. 246
- ↑ Caesar. VII, 11
- ↑ Caesar. VII, 32-34; G. Birkhan pp. 250—251
- ↑ Caesar. VII, 57-62; G. Birkhan st. 254
- ↑ Caesar. VII, 75; G. Birkhan st. 258
- ↑ Caesar. VII, 75; G. Birkhan st. 258
- ↑ Caesar. VIII, 26-29
- ↑ Caesar. VIII, 30; G. Birkhan st. 265
- ↑ Caesar. VIII, 30-44; G. Birkhan st. 265
- ↑ Pliny the Elder “Natural History” Book IV. 107
- ↑ for example, Fustel de Coulange, “The History of the Social System of Ancient France,” T. II, pp. 279-280
Literature
Research
- Avlerki // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron .
- Fustel de Coulange // History of the social system of ancient France.
- Helmut Birkhan . Celts: history and culture / translation from German by Nina Chekhonadskaya. - M: Agraf, 2007 .-- 512 p. - (Legacy of the Celts). - ISBN 978-57784-0348-8 .
- Friedrich Lubker . Aulerci // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities . - 1885. - S. 110-265.
- Emil Theveno. History of the Gauls