Long jump

For male world-class athletes, the initial speed when pushing off the board reaches 9.4-9.8 m / s. The optimum angle of departure of the athlete’s center of mass to the horizon is considered to be 20–22 ° and the height of the center of mass relative to the normal position when walking is 50–70 cm. Athletes usually reach the highest speed in the last three or four take-off steps ^[1] .

The jump consists of four phases: take-off , repulsion , flight and landing . The greatest differences, from the point of view of technology, affect the flight phase of the jump.

• “In step” ( Eng. The Stride jump; Sail jump ) - the simplest technique, known since the 19th century and familiar to amateur athletes from physical education lessons - this is a jump “in step” or “bending your legs”. After repulsion, the push leg through the side joins the flywheel and the shoulders are retracted a little back. Although this is an elementary version of the jump, it is used by high-level athletes in the 21st century . So, the English athlete Christopher Tomlinson, who has an asset jump of 8.35 meters (a UK record), jumps “in step”. In the same style, Galina Chistyakova set a world record of 7.52 m ^{[2] [3]} .
• "Crouching" ( Eng. The Hang Style ) - a more complex option that requires more training and coordination. The jumper in flight bends the body in the lower back and, as it were, pauses before landing. In 1920, the Finnish jumper Tuulos demonstrated this technique for the first time. At the present stage of development of athletics, this is the most popular technique among female jumpers. This style, for example, jumped Heike Drexler ^[4] .
• “Scissors” ( Eng. The Hitch-Kick ) - the most difficult option, requiring high speed and power qualities of the athlete. The athlete in flight as if continues to run and takes 1.5, 2.5 or 3.5 steps with his feet through the air. This is the most popular technique among athletes of high-class men ^{[5] [6]} .
  The “scissors” style was hopped by both Mike Powell in 1991 and Bob Beamon in 1968 ^[7] .
  Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan subsequently recalled the details of this jump:

Observing outstanding dancers, I repeatedly admired their amazing ability to hang in the air for a moment during a jump. This hang-up, which they call a “balloon”, is difficult to train and for the most part is an innate ability. Bimon in the middle of the flight, even more in the second half, at the moment when other jumpers with a stone fell down, this miracle happened - a “balloon”, and he hovered above the jump hole, as if on an invisible parachute ^[8] .

Ancient long jumps

Long jump was a common discipline of the ancient Olympic Games. According to reports, the technique of jumping was fundamentally different from the modern one. When jumping, the athletes held in their hands a special load - , resembling dumbbells , which were thrown back before landing. It was probably thought that in this way they increase the length of the jump ^[9] . There is also evidence that some athletes achieved results over 15 meters, but researchers believe that we are talking about a triple jump ^[10] .

Current status

With a revival of interest in sports and athletics, long jumps from the end of the 19th century have become a popular discipline of technical forms. In 1898, the world record in men's long jump belonged to the American Mayer Princestein - 7.23 m. The first Olympic Games also held competitions in long jump from a place, but they quickly lost popularity.

Long jump is one of the most conservative disciplines. So the 8-meter line (8.13) for men was first overcome by Jesse Owens back in 1935 , and to this day with this result you can win major international competitions at the Grand Prix level.

The history of this species includes a confrontation:

• Ralph Boston ( USA ) and Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan ( USSR ).
• Carl Lewis (USA) and Mike Powell (USA).

The legend was the jump of Bob Beamon at 8.90 meters at the Olympics in Mexico City (1968). Until then, an unknown athlete surpassed the previous world record by 55 cm right away. Bimon's record was broken by Mike Powell, who jumped 8.95 meters in 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo , this result remains unsurpassed to this day.

Gideon Eriel, who conducted a study of the limits of human potentialities in sports using a computer, calculated the maximum possible jump - 8.90 cm. The kinogram of Bimon’s record attempt, embedded in the computer, was qualified by him close to ideal, and the calculated load on the hip joint at the moment of push (770 kg) - close to critical for humans ^[11] .

Duel of Lewis and Powell at the Tokyo World Cup

The Duel of Lewis and Powell at the 1991 World Cup in Tokyo is rightfully considered one of the greatest sports competitions in the history of athletics. In the jumping sector, Bob Bimon's seemingly eternal world record, set in 1968 at the Olympics in Mexico City, was surpassed.

By the time the competition began, Lewis had not been defeated for 10 years, winning 65 victories in a row. Less titled, Powell was the silver medalist at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and had the best result in the world in 1990.

In the first attempt, Lewis set a world championship record by jumping 8.68 m. He jumped on only three times in his sports career. In the first attempt, Powell stepped in, and in the next attempt with the result of 8.54 m, he took second place. Larry Mirix, who, however, could not compete with the leaders, was in third position.

In a third attempt with a fair wind of 2.3 m / s, Lewis showed 8.83 m, one of the best results in the entire history of athletics. In a third attempt, Powell flew to the 8.80 m area, however, intervened.

Lewis’s fourth attempt was historic: 8.91 meters, the first jump in 23 years that exceeded Bob Beamon’s world record. Despite the fact that the result was shown with a strong tailwind (3 m / s) and could not be fixed as a new world record, it went against the competition. Now, to defeat Lewis, Powell needed to set a world record.

The denouement of this intrigue came in the fifth attempt. With a fair wind of 0.3 m / s, Powell jumped 8.95 m and thus exceeded Bimon's “eternal record”, and he did it at the flat stadium.

Lewis’s last two jumps were beautiful: 8.87 and 8.84 m. He set a personal record (8.91 m jump was not considered a personal record because he was taken with excessive fair wind), but he could not get around Powell.

Larry Mirix with an excellent result of 8.42 m became the third.

In the future, Powell twice jumped over the world record mark: 8.99 m in 1992 and 8.95 in 1994, however, both jumps were made with a fair wind exceeding the permissible norm of 2 m / s and were not recorded as records.

Lewis, who, in addition to a brilliant performance in the jumping sector, set a world record in the 100m race at this championship, was declared the best athlete of 1991.

Long jump with fair wind

Since the tailwind can significantly increase the range of the jump, according to the IAAF rules, results shown at a tailwind speed of more than 2 m / s are not recorded. Therefore, the best results shown at competitions may exceed the official world record. The longest jump in the history of athletics is the 8.99 m jump of Mike Powell (USA), made on July 21, 1992 at the competitions in the highland village of Sestriere with a tail wind speed of 4.0 m / s. At the same competitions, Heike Drexler (Germany) jumped 7.63 m with a tail wind speed of 2.1 m / s, setting the highest achievement among women. It should also be noted that Ivan Pedroso’s 8.96 m jump on July 29, 1995 in Sestriere, when the measured wind speed was 1.2 m / s, but the result of this measurement was found to be erroneous ^{[12] [13]} .

Men

The top 10 stadium results for men as of March 20, 2010 .

Jumps over 8.90 m with tailwind exceeding the norm.

Women

The 10 best results at the stadium among women, on March 20, 2010 . ^[14]

7.50 m jumping with tailwind exceeding the norm.

Men

After Bob Bimon set a phenomenal world record in Mexico City in 1968 by jumping 8.90 meters, many experts got the impression that the highlands give the jumper an advantage over the athlete starting at the plain stadium. This impression was reinforced by the fact that the previous record (8.35 m Ralph Boston, Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan) was also set in the highlands. Therefore, unofficially maintained a table of world records for lowland stadiums, which after the record of 8.34 Ralph of Boston in 1964 looked like this:

In 1991, Mike Powell surpassed Bimon's record at the Tokyo Flat Stadium, after which registering the flat records lost its meaning.

Women

• Long Jump (Women's Competition Results)
• Long jump (men's competition results)
• Timeline of world long jump records (men)

1. ↑ Long Jump Technique
2. ↑ Chris Tomlinson. 2004 year. Jump video
3. ↑ Chistyakova 7.52 RM Salto de Longitud Femenino (1988)
4. ↑ Heike Drechsler 7.39 (+0.3), Zúrich 21-8-1985
5. ↑ Long Jump BrianMac coaching
6. ↑ Long Jump Technique
7. ↑ “The Unbelievable Moment” Coles Phinizy, Sports Illustrated, December 23, 1968
8. ↑ Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan “Eight Ninety.” Youth Magazine
9. ↑ Olympia - Cradle of the Olympic Games Archived February 2, 2009 link to Wayback Machine link checked January 5, 2009
10. ↑ "Hunt turns from food to medals" Sunday Times. (Eng.) Archived March 11, 2007. link checked on January 5, 2009
11. ↑ Records and punch cards // "Soviet Sport": newspaper. - 1980. - November 29 ( No. 174 (10093) ). - S. 4 .
12. ↑ Jump into history
13. ↑ Sport heroes
14. ↑ http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/long-jump/outdoor/women/s Senior Long Jump - women - senior - outdoor - All time best, Accessed August 29, 2015

• International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) - Official Site
• World Masters Athletics - official site