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Long jump

Long jump style "scissors"
File: Women's Long Jump Final - 28th Summer Universiade 2015.webm Play media file

Long jump is a discipline of technical types of athletics programs related to horizontal jumps. Long jump requires athletes to jump, sprinting qualities. The long jump was part of the competition program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is a modern Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1948 .

Hit on a push board

Technique and Style

For male world-class athletes, the initial speed when pushing off the board reaches 9.4-9.8 m / s. The optimum angle of departure of the athlete’s center of mass to the horizon is considered to be 20–22 ° and the height of the center of mass relative to the normal position when walking is 50–70 cm. Athletes usually reach the highest speed in the last three or four take-off steps [1] .

The jump consists of four phases: take-off , repulsion , flight and landing . The greatest differences, from the point of view of technology, affect the flight phase of the jump.

  • “In step” ( Eng. The Stride jump; Sail jump ) - the simplest technique, known since the 19th century and familiar to amateur athletes from physical education lessons - this is a jump “in step” or “bending your legs”. After repulsion, the push leg through the side joins the flywheel and the shoulders are retracted a little back. Although this is an elementary version of the jump, it is used by high-level athletes in the 21st century . So, the English athlete Christopher Tomlinson, who has an asset jump of 8.35 meters (a UK record), jumps “in step”. In the same style, Galina Chistyakova set a world record of 7.52 m [2] [3] .
  • "Crouching" ( Eng. The Hang Style ) - a more complex option that requires more training and coordination. The jumper in flight bends the body in the lower back and, as it were, pauses before landing. In 1920, the Finnish jumper Tuulos demonstrated this technique for the first time. At the present stage of development of athletics, this is the most popular technique among female jumpers. This style, for example, jumped Heike Drexler [4] .
  • “Scissors” ( Eng. The Hitch-Kick ) - the most difficult option, requiring high speed and power qualities of the athlete. The athlete in flight as if continues to run and takes 1.5, 2.5 or 3.5 steps with his feet through the air. This is the most popular technique among athletes of high-class men [5] [6] .
    The “scissors” style was hopped by both Mike Powell in 1991 and Bob Beamon in 1968 [7] .
    Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan subsequently recalled the details of this jump:

Observing outstanding dancers, I repeatedly admired their amazing ability to hang in the air for a moment during a jump. This hang-up, which they call a “balloon”, is difficult to train and for the most part is an innate ability. Bimon in the middle of the flight, even more in the second half, at the moment when other jumpers with a stone fell down, this miracle happened - a “balloon”, and he hovered above the jump hole, as if on an invisible parachute [8] .

History

Ancient long jumps

 
Antique Long Jumper

Long jump was a common discipline of the ancient Olympic Games. According to reports, the technique of jumping was fundamentally different from the modern one. When jumping, the athletes held in their hands a special load - , resembling dumbbells , which were thrown back before landing. It was probably thought that in this way they increase the length of the jump [9] . There is also evidence that some athletes achieved results over 15 meters, but researchers believe that we are talking about a triple jump [10] .

 
Long jump on the stamp of the USSR, dedicated to the Olympics-80

Current status

With a revival of interest in sports and athletics, long jumps from the end of the 19th century have become a popular discipline of technical forms. In 1898, the world record in men's long jump belonged to the American Mayer Princestein - 7.23 m. The first Olympic Games also held competitions in long jump from a place, but they quickly lost popularity.

Long jump is one of the most conservative disciplines. So the 8-meter line (8.13) for men was first overcome by Jesse Owens back in 1935 , and to this day with this result you can win major international competitions at the Grand Prix level.

The history of this species includes a confrontation:

  • Ralph Boston ( USA ) and Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan ( USSR ).
  • Carl Lewis (USA) and Mike Powell (USA).

The legend was the jump of Bob Beamon at 8.90 meters at the Olympics in Mexico City (1968). Until then, an unknown athlete surpassed the previous world record by 55 cm right away. Bimon's record was broken by Mike Powell, who jumped 8.95 meters in 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo , this result remains unsurpassed to this day.

Gideon Eriel, who conducted a study of the limits of human potentialities in sports using a computer, calculated the maximum possible jump - 8.90 cm. The kinogram of Bimon’s record attempt, embedded in the computer, was qualified by him close to ideal, and the calculated load on the hip joint at the moment of push (770 kg) - close to critical for humans [11] .

Duel of Lewis and Powell at the Tokyo World Cup

The Duel of Lewis and Powell at the 1991 World Cup in Tokyo is rightfully considered one of the greatest sports competitions in the history of athletics. In the jumping sector, Bob Bimon's seemingly eternal world record, set in 1968 at the Olympics in Mexico City, was surpassed.

By the time the competition began, Lewis had not been defeated for 10 years, winning 65 victories in a row. Less titled, Powell was the silver medalist at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and had the best result in the world in 1990.

In the first attempt, Lewis set a world championship record by jumping 8.68 m. He jumped on only three times in his sports career. In the first attempt, Powell stepped in, and in the next attempt with the result of 8.54 m, he took second place. Larry Mirix, who, however, could not compete with the leaders, was in third position.

In a third attempt with a fair wind of 2.3 m / s, Lewis showed 8.83 m, one of the best results in the entire history of athletics. In a third attempt, Powell flew to the 8.80 m area, however, intervened.

Lewis’s fourth attempt was historic: 8.91 meters, the first jump in 23 years that exceeded Bob Beamon’s world record. Despite the fact that the result was shown with a strong tailwind (3 m / s) and could not be fixed as a new world record, it went against the competition. Now, to defeat Lewis, Powell needed to set a world record.

The denouement of this intrigue came in the fifth attempt. With a fair wind of 0.3 m / s, Powell jumped 8.95 m and thus exceeded Bimon's “eternal record”, and he did it at the flat stadium.

Lewis’s last two jumps were beautiful: 8.87 and 8.84 m. He set a personal record (8.91 m jump was not considered a personal record because he was taken with excessive fair wind), but he could not get around Powell.

Larry Mirix with an excellent result of 8.42 m became the third.

In the future, Powell twice jumped over the world record mark: 8.99 m in 1992 and 8.95 in 1994, however, both jumps were made with a fair wind exceeding the permissible norm of 2 m / s and were not recorded as records.

Lewis, who, in addition to a brilliant performance in the jumping sector, set a world record in the 100m race at this championship, was declared the best athlete of 1991.

Long jump with fair wind

Since the tailwind can significantly increase the range of the jump, according to the IAAF rules, results shown at a tailwind speed of more than 2 m / s are not recorded. Therefore, the best results shown at competitions may exceed the official world record. The longest jump in the history of athletics is the 8.99 m jump of Mike Powell (USA), made on July 21, 1992 at the competitions in the highland village of Sestriere with a tail wind speed of 4.0 m / s. At the same competitions, Heike Drexler (Germany) jumped 7.63 m with a tail wind speed of 2.1 m / s, setting the highest achievement among women. It should also be noted that Ivan Pedroso’s 8.96 m jump on July 29, 1995 in Sestriere, when the measured wind speed was 1.2 m / s, but the result of this measurement was found to be erroneous [12] [13] .

Records

RecordLengthAthleteA countrydateA place
MenWorld8.95 mMike Powell  USAAugust 30, 1991Tokyo Japan
Worldwide (indoor)8.79 mCarl Lewis  USAJanuary 27, 1984New York , USA
Olympic8.90 mBob Beamon  USAOctober 18, 1968Mexico City , Mexico
WomenWorld7.52 mGalina Chistyakova  the USSRJune 11, 1988Leningrad , USSR
Worldwide (indoor)7.37 mHeike Drechsler  GDRFebruary 13, 1988Vienna , Austria
Olympic7.40 mJackie Joyner  USASeptember 29, 1988Seoul , Republic of Korea

The best jumpers of all time

Men

The top 10 stadium results for men as of March 20, 2010 .

No.ResultSportsmanA countrydateA placeConditionsNotes
one8.95Mike Powell  USA08/30/1991Tokyo+0.3 m / s
28.90Bob Beamon  USA10/18/1968Mexico city+2.0 m / s, B
38.87Carl Lewis  USA08/30/1991Tokyo-0.2 m / s
four8.86Robert Emmiyan  the USSR05/22/1987Tsaghkadzor+1.9 m / s, V
five8.74Larry Myrix  USA07/18/1988Indianapolis+1.4 m / s
68.74Eric Walder  USA04/02/1994El Paso+2.0 m / s, V
78.74Dwight Phillips  USA06/07/2009Eugene−1.2 m / s
eight8.73Irving Saladino  Panama05/24/2008Hengelo+1.2 m / s
98.71Ivan Pedroso  Cuba07/18/1995Salamanca+1.9 m / s
ten8.66Louis Tsatumas  Greece06/02/2007Kalamata+1.6 m / s

Jumps over 8.90 m with tailwind exceeding the norm.

ResultSportsmanA countrydateA placeConditionsNotes
8.99Mike Powell  USA07/21/1992Sestriere+4.0 m / s B
8.96Ivan Pedroso  Cuba07/29/1995Sestriere+1.2 m / s * B
8.95Mike Powell  USA07/31/1994Sestriere+3.9 m / s B
8.91Carl Lewis  USA08/30/1991Tokyo+3.0 m / s
8.90Mike Powell  USA05/16/1992Modesto+3.7 m / s

Women

The 10 best results at the stadium among women, on March 20, 2010 . [14]

No.ResultSportsmanA countrydateA placeConditionsNotes
one7.52Galina Chistyakova  the USSR06/11/1988Leningrad+1.4 m / s
27.49Jackie Joyner Kersey  USA05/22/1994New York+1.3 m / s
37.48Heike Drexler  Germany07/09/1988Neubrandenburg+1.2 m / s
four7.43Anishoara Kushmir  Romania06/04/1983Bucharest+1.4 m / s
five7.42Tatyana Kotova  Russia06/23/2002Annecy+2.0 m / s
67.39Elena Belevskaya  the USSR07/18/1987Bryansk+0.5 m / s
77.37Inessa Kravets  Ukraine06/13/1992Kiev?
eight7.33Tatyana Lebedeva  Russia07/31/2004Tula+0.4 m / s
97.31Elena Khlopotnova  the USSR09/12/1985Almaty+1.5 m / s
ten7.31Marion jones  USA05/31/1998Eugene (Oregon)+1.9 m / s

7.50 m jumping with tailwind exceeding the norm.

ResultSportsmanA countrydateA placeConditionsNotes
7.63Heike Drexler  Germany07/21/1992Sestriere+ 2.1 m / s

Timeline of World Records

Athletics
Chronology
world records
 
Jogging
60 mMF
100 mMF
200 mMF
400 mMF
800 mMF
1,500 mMF
MileMF
3000 mMF
5000 mMF
10,000 mMF
80 m s / bF
100 m s / bF
110 m s / bM
400 m s / bMF
2000 m s / prMF
3000 m s / prMF
4 × 100 mMF
4 × 400 mMF
Highway
Half marathonMF
MarathonMF
20 km walkMF
50 km walkM
Technical
Long jumpMF
Triple jumpMF
High jumpMF
Pole vaultingMF
Shot putMF
Discus throwMF
Javelin-throwingMF
Hammer throwingMF
All-around
PentathlonF
HeptathlonF
DecathlonM

Men

ResultSportsmanA countryA placedate
Unofficial records (before the IAAF)
5.94Edward burke  Great BritainCambridge03/17/1857
Henry Powell  Great BritainOxford03/10/1885
6.38Charles Buller  Great BritainHarrow04/15/1862
6.40G. Worthington  Great BritainManchester08/27/1864
6.50Alik Tossville  Great BritainOxford03/14/1868
6.75Alik Tossville  Great BritainOxford02/27/1869
6.88Jenner davis  Great BritainLondon03/27/1872
6.97Jenner davis  Great BritainLondon03/27/1874
7.05John lane  IrelandDublin06/11/1874
7.06Patrick Davin  IrelandMonasterevan08/30/1883
Patrick Davin  IrelandPort arlington09/13/1883
7,085Malcolm Ford  USANew York08/14/1896
John Purcell  IrelandMonasterevan08/29/1886
7.09Alfred Copland  USAWashington10/10/1890
7.17Charles Reber  USADetroit07/04/1891
7.17Charles fry  Great BritainOxford03/05/1893
7.21John Mooney  IrelandMitchelltown09/05/1894
7,235Meyer Princestein  USANew York06/11/1898
7.25William Newburn  IrelandDublin07/18/1898
7.33William Newburn  IrelandDublin07/16/1898
7.48William Newburn  IrelandMullingate07/19/1898
7.40Alvin Krenzlein  USAPhiladelphia04/29/1899
7.42Alvin Krenzlein  USANew York05/26/1899
7.43Alvin Krenzlein  USANew York05/26/1899
7.50Meyer Princestein  USAPhiladelphia04/28/1900
7.51Peter O'Connor  IrelandNew ross08/29/1900
7.54Peter O'Connor  IrelandDublin05/27/1901
7.60Peter O'Connor  IrelandDublin07/15/1901
7,605Peter O'Connor  IrelandDublin07/28/1901
Official records
7.61Peter O'Connor  IrelandDublin08/05/1901
7.69Edwin Gordin  USACambridge07/23/1923
7.76Robert Legendre  USAParis07/07/1924
7.89Will de hart hubbard  USAChicago06/13/1925
7.90Edward hamm  USACambridge07/07/1928
7.93Silvio KatorHawaiian IslandsParis09/09/1928
7.98Chui nambu  JapanTokyo10/27/1931
8.13Jesse Owens  USAAnn arbor05/25/1935
8.21Ralph Boston  USAValnat08/12/1960
8.24Ralph Boston  USAModesto05/27/1961
8.28Ralph Boston  USAMoscow07/16/1961
8.31Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan  the USSRYerevan06/10/1962
Ralph Boston  USAKingston08/15/1964
8.34Ralph Boston  USALos Angeles09/12/1964
8.35Ralph Boston  USAModesto05/29/1965
Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan  the USSRMexico city10/19/1967
8.90Bob Beamon  USAMexico city10/18/1968
8.95Mike Powell  USATokyo08/30/1991

After Bob Bimon set a phenomenal world record in Mexico City in 1968 by jumping 8.90 meters, many experts got the impression that the highlands give the jumper an advantage over the athlete starting at the plain stadium. This impression was reinforced by the fact that the previous record (8.35 m Ralph Boston, Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan) was also set in the highlands. Therefore, unofficially maintained a table of world records for lowland stadiums, which after the record of 8.34 Ralph of Boston in 1964 looked like this:

ResultSportsmanA countryA placedate
8.35Joseph Schwartz  GermanyStuttgart07/15/1970
8.45Nenad Stekic  YugoslaviaMontreal07/25/1975
8.52Larry Mirix  USAMontreal08/26/1979
8.54Lutz Dombrowski  GDRMoscow07/28/1980
8.62Carl Lewis  USASacramento06/20/1981
8.76Carl Lewis  USAIndianapolis07/24/1982
8.79Carl Lewis  USAIndianapolis06/19/1983
Carl Lewis  USANew York01/27/1984


In 1991, Mike Powell surpassed Bimon's record at the Tokyo Flat Stadium, after which registering the flat records lost its meaning.

Women

ResultSportsmanA countryA placedate
5.98Kinue Hitomi  JapanOsaka05/20/1928
6.12Kristel Schulz  GermanyBerlin07/30/1939
6.25Fanny Blankers-Coon  NetherlandsLeiden09/19/1943
6.28Yvette Williams  New ZealandGisborne02/20/1954
Galina Vinogradova  the USSRMoscow09/11/1955
6.31Galina Vinogradova  the USSRTbilisi11/18/1955
6.35Elzbieta Kshesinska  PolandBudapest08/20/1956
Elzbieta Kshesinska  PolandMelbourne11/27/1956
6.40Hildrun Klaus  GDRErfurt08/07/1960
6.42Hildrun Klaus  GDRBerlin06/23/1961
6.48Tatyana Shchelkanova  the USSRMoscow07/16/1961
6.53Tatyana Shchelkanova  the USSRLeipzig06/10/1962
6.70Tatyana Shchelkanova  the USSRMoscow07/04/1964
6.76Mary rand  Great BritainTokyo10/14/1964
6.82Viorika Viskopolianu  RomaniaMexico city10/14/1968
6.84Heidi rosendaal  GermanyTorino09/03/1970
6.92Angela Voigt  GDRDresden05/09/1976
6.99Sigrun Siegel  GDRDresden05/19/1976
7.07Wilma Bardauskene  the USSRKishinev08/18/1978
7.09Wilma Bardauskene  the USSRPrague08/29/1978
7.15Anishoara Kushmir  RomaniaBucharest08/01/1982
7.20Vali Ionescu  RomaniaBucharest08/01/1982
7.21Anishoara Kushmir  RomaniaBucharest05/15/1983
7.27Anishoara Kushmir  RomaniaBucharest06/04/1983
7.43Anishoara Kushmir  RomaniaBucharest06/04/1983
7.44Heike Drexler  GDRWest Berlin09/22/1985
7.45Heike Drexler  GDRTallinn06/21/1986
Heike Drexler  GDRDresden07/03/1986
Jackie Joyner Kersey  USAIndianapolis08/13/1987
7.52Galina Chistyakova  the USSRLeningrad06/11/1988

See also

  • Long Jump (Women's Competition Results)
  • Long jump (men's competition results)
  • Timeline of world long jump records (men)

Notes

  1. ↑ Long Jump Technique
  2. ↑ Chris Tomlinson. 2004 year. Jump video
  3. ↑ Chistyakova 7.52 RM Salto de Longitud Femenino (1988)
  4. ↑ Heike Drechsler 7.39 (+0.3), Zúrich 21-8-1985
  5. ↑ Long Jump BrianMac coaching
  6. ↑ Long Jump Technique
  7. ↑ “The Unbelievable Moment” Coles Phinizy, Sports Illustrated, December 23, 1968
  8. ↑ Igor Ter-Hovhannisyan “Eight Ninety.” Youth Magazine
  9. ↑ Olympia - Cradle of the Olympic Games Archived February 2, 2009 link to Wayback Machine link checked January 5, 2009
  10. ↑ "Hunt turns from food to medals" Sunday Times. (Eng.) Archived March 11, 2007. link checked on January 5, 2009
  11. ↑ Records and punch cards // "Soviet Sport": newspaper. - 1980. - November 29 ( No. 174 (10093) ). - S. 4 .
  12. ↑ Jump into history
  13. ↑ Sport heroes
  14. ↑ http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/long-jump/outdoor/women/s Senior Long Jump - women - senior - outdoor - All time best, Accessed August 29, 2015

Links

  • International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) - Official Site
  • World Masters Athletics - official site


Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Length_Launch&oldid=100145188


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