Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery

In 1747, the Synod ordered the Chief Police Chancellery to find places in the city for the cemeteries of “foreign non-Orthodox foreigners”. On January 30, 1748, the police office identified the city architect PA Trezini to place a place near Vasilyevsky Island under the cemetery. The choice of location for the Lutheran cemetery is due to the fact that many foreigners settled on Vasilyevsky Island (scientists, military, artisans, etc.). A contemporary A. I. Bogdanov reports: “The cemetery on Vasilyevsky Island, in the Chukhonsky village, the so-called place where people are buried in common with Russian and foreign people.” ^[3]

The boundaries of the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery were finally established by 1836 , when the council of the Church of St. Catherine bought for forty-five thousand rubles a large adjacent plot that belonged to the state councilor Kireev. The total area of ​​the cemetery was then approximately fifteen hectares. Until 1917, the size and configuration of the cemetery remained unchanged. Judging by the surviving Book of the records of those who were buried in 1912-1919 , at this time up to three hundred and fifty people were buried a year. Approximately we can assume that during the existence of Smolensk Lutheran cemetery as a cemetery for the Gentiles, 25-30 thousand people are buried on it.

The Council of the Church of St. Catherine has always advocated the maintenance of proper order in the cemetery. For example, in 1882, he issued a separate publication a list of completely destroyed or dangerous gravestones assigned for removal. More than one and a half thousand graves are listed in the brochure, monuments removed and stored in the cemetery courtyard are described, the inscriptions on which cannot be read. The Council had accurate information about all the monuments. In 1860, at the Commission’s request for setting up cemeteries about whether there were tombstones of the 18th century in Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery, it was answered that five architectural monuments and eighty-three tombstones remained.

On the plan of St. Petersburg of 1753, the allotted area is indicated by a rectangle on the right bank of the Black River, with the name German Cemetery . It belonged to the parish of the Lutheran Church of St. Catherine and did not have its own church or chapel. Since German Lutherans prevailed among metropolitan Gentiles, foreign cemeteries of the 18th century were often called Lutheran or German, although Catholics, Anglicans, reformers, etc. were buried on them after it was built in 1760 in the neighboring Orthodox cemetery. Church of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God . The territory of the necropolis gradually expanded to the north. According to I. G. Georgi , the author of the “Description of the capital city of St. Petersburg”, from 1764 to 1789 about forty-eight people were buried here a year.

Soviet time

The cemetery was under the jurisdiction of the Lutheran Church of St. Catherine until February 1, 1919 . From this date, according to the decree of January 26 , the cemetery was nationalized and was taken over by the Commissariat for Internal Affairs. Smolensk Lutheran cemetery was closed in 1939 , although some burials were made here until the 1950s .

In the 1930-1980s, historically important burials and gravestones were transferred to the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery (prominent mathematician L. Euler , A. Betancourt , the famous architect Tom de Thomon and his wife Claire), after which the cemetery became neglected. Since the 1980s, many tombstones were destroyed, in 1985 a significant section in the northwestern part of the cemetery was allocated for the construction of a fire station, and in the late 1990s, a gas station was built at the cemetery section near the entrance.

According to the latest scheme, the cemetery was divided into 105 sections. In 1986, part of the cemetery was destroyed: most of the sections 82 and 87 (sections 48 and 46, respectively, according to the plan of 1914), completely sections 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102 (sections 41, 39, 42, 40 according to the plan of 1914). On the vacant territory housed a fire station. Granite slabs of gravestones were used by road builders to repair curbs of street panels. Part of the gravestones was transferred to other sites, some lost. Artistic tombs “Bartel” and “Steel”, made in the style of northern modernism, were destroyed.

During the Great Patriotic War, in the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery , soldiers of the Leningrad front were buried in mass graves, as well as children who died during artillery fire on May 9, 1942 (monument - 1966, sculptor V.I. Gordon).

Modernity

The cemetery is a monument of landscape architecture , its gravestone monuments are under state protection. Many of them, in addition to historical, are of great cultural and artistic value. In 2001, 31 burials in the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery received the status of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance. In addition, 7 graves have the status of objects of cultural heritage of regional importance, 3 - identified objects of cultural heritage. On December 13, 2018, in accordance with the Order No. 519-p of the Chair of the KGIOP S. V. Makarov, the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery was included in the Unified State Register as an object of cultural heritage of regional significance. ^[four]

However, in recent years, the necropolis is in a deplorable state: the crypts are destroyed, the fences are broken, the sculptures are damaged. Sites along Dekabristov Lane and Zheleznovodskaya Street are almost impassable. One of the most significant historical and cultural monuments of St. Petersburg today is in dire need of restoration.

In 1988-1991, a writer and artist Robert Leinonen, on his own initiative, made a full-scale inventory of the cemetery; together with the German historian from Berlin, Erica Vogt, he wrote a book, which in 1998 was published in German in 2 volumes in Lüneburg , it also contains a list of surviving gravestones: “Deutsche In St. Europäische Kulturgeschichte (R. Leinonen, E. Vogt "Germans in St. Petersburg: Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery in the History of European Culture") ^[5] . Petersburg: Ein Blick Auf Den Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Smolenski-Friedhof .

•  

  Friedrich Theodor Schubert's Tombstone

•  

  Friedrich Theodor Schubert's tomb on the other side

Attractions

Interesting iron gravestones in the form of sarcophagi . One of them is perfectly preserved and belongs to the astronomer and surveyor Fyodor Ivanovich Schubert , who in 1798 became the author of the first Russian course in theoretical astronomy, and the other, with the Masonic emblem of the eye in the triangle, is in a much worse condition and belongs to John and Sophia Baird.

•  

  Tombstone baird

•  

  Tombstone baird on the other hand

•  

  Angel over the grave of Julia Shtiglits

Angels stand on several graves. One of the most remarkable is located on the grave of the coat of arms of the noblewoman, amateur artist Julia Shtiglits (Greig). [1] The face of the angel has a portrait resemblance to the deceased.

Many crypts outwardly look better than inside, in particular, inside the tomb of the Gorvits family, where the ashes of the famous obstetrician Martin Isaevich Gorvitsa (1837-1883) are buried, there are recent inscriptions on the wall.

•  

  Gorvits family tomb outside

•  

  The tomb of the Horwitz family from the inside

Brother Arbor

One of the sights of the cemetery was “ Brother 's Arbor ”, where in 1997 one of the episodes of the film “ Brother ” was shot. Many fans of Sergey Bodrov Jr. come to this place.

The arbor is built in 1883 by the crypt of Major-General Alexander Alexandrovich von Beckmann (1807–1883) - brother of V. A. Beckman , father of V. A. Beckman . ^[6]

For a long time it was said ^{[by whom? ]} that the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery will be closed and destroyed ^{[ source? ]} . Periodic attempts to put it in order were caused only by the interest of foreign organizations and individuals working in St. Petersburg, the consulates of Italy , Germany and Sweden . So the Swedish Society of the Nobel family in the mid-1990s allocated funds for the restoration of the gravestone of Alfred Nobel's elder brother Ludwig Nobel , founder of the Russian oil industry complex, shareholder of the Nobel Brothers Association , the owner of Machine and Foundry, buried in Smolensk Lutheran cemetery. However, these attempts by the society led to the initiation of criminal case No. 694259, the materials of which mentioned, in particular, the first deputy mayor of St. Petersburg Alexei Kudrin , who was from 2000 to 2011 the Minister of Finance of Russia ^[7] .

Based on the materials:

• articles by G. V. Pirozhkov and N. V. Gromov ^[8] in the book by A. V. Kobak and Yu. M. Piryutko ;
• articles by I. V. Cherkazyanova in the bulletin “Russian Germans” ^[9] ;
• the work "Petersburg Necropolis" in 4 volumes, made under the leadership of V.I. Saitov ^[10] ;
• the alphabetical index from the reference book “All Petersburg” for 1917 ^[11] .

On the territory of the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery, many outstanding figures of the past were buried ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]} :

• Avelan, Fyodor Karlovich (1839–1916) - Adjutant General , Admiral , in 1903–1905 - Head of the Navy Department .
• Avenarius, Vasily Petrovich (1839–1923) - a well-known children's writer before the revolution ^[12] .
• Alekseev, Alexey Karpovich (1881–1938) - paleontologist , professor , investigated the tertiary and quaternary deposits of the south of Ukraine , the Aral Sea region and the Donetsk basin.
• Arendt, Nikolai Fyodorovich (1785-1859) - a major physician- practitioner, surgeon , and leyb-medic Nicholas I , alleviated the sufferings of A.S. Pushkin after a duel with Dantes .
• Armstrong, Roman Adamovich (1790–1865) - Lieutenant General, Head of the St. Petersburg Mint .
• Byrd, Charles (1766–1843) - Russian engineer and businessman (breeder), the first builder of steamboats on the Neva .
• Bryullov, Fyodor Pavlovich (1793—1869) - the artist , the elder brother of the famous painter.
• Bush, Ivan Fedorovich (1771—1843) - the well-known surgeon and professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy .
• Vogak, Ippolit Konstantinovich (August 30, 1829–16.07.1899) - Russian admiral , the last mayor of Taganrog .
• Wolf, Mauritius Osipovich (1825–1883) - publisher, founder of the Vokrug Sveta magazine.
• Vreden, Roman Romanovich (1887–1934) - the founder of Russian orthopedic surgery.
• Greig, Alexey Samuilovich (1775-1845) - Admiral , the main commander of the Black Sea Fleet .
• Grimm, David Ivanovich (1823-1898) - famous architect and artist .
• Deribas, Osip Mikhailovich (1749-1800) - one of the founders of Odessa , the hero of the assault Ishmael .
• Dillon, Maria Lvovna (1858-1932) - the first Russian woman sculptor with professional education.
• Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilyevich (1846-1903) - an outstanding Russian natural scientist , geologist and soil scientist .
• Jessen Karl Petrovich (1852–1918) - Russian Vice Admiral, Rear Admiral The retinues of His Imperial Majesty .
• Kankrin, Egor Frantsevich (1774-1845) - a writer and statesman, general of infantry, Minister of Finance of Russia in 1823-1444.
• Kapitsa, Leonid Petrovich (1864-1919) - father of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) Peter Kapitsa , Major General of the engineering corps; mother Kapitsa, Olga Ieronimovna (1866-1937). The wife of P. L. Kapitsa, Nadezhda Kirillovna Chernosvitova, and her two children who died in the Spaniard epidemic in the winter of 1919-1920 are buried here. Jerome (06/22/1917-13.12.1919) and Hope (01/06/1920-08/01/1920). Peter Leonidovich's brother, Leonid Leonidovich, who died in 1936 also rests here.
• Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian - a writer and playwright, author of the term " Storm and Stress ".
• Kupfer, Adolf Yakovlevich (1799-1865) - academician , metrologist , founder of the Depot of exemplary measures and weights and the Main Physical Observatory of Russia.
• Lamsdorf, Vladimir Nikolaevich (1844-1907) - diplomat , statesman, in 1900-1906 - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire .
• MacPherson, Arthur Davidovich (1870-1919) - a sportsman, entrepreneur, first chairman of the Russian Football Union and chairman of the lawn tennis league ( cenotaph ).
• Marcus, Edward Isaakovich (1853-1924) - merchant of the II guild, honorary citizen of St. Petersburg.
• Martin and Soler, Vicente - composer, author of libretto operas by Pietro Metastasio , Apostolo Zeno , Lorenzo da Ponte and Catherine II .
• Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich (1780–1862) - Chancellor of the Russian Empire .
• Nobel, Ludwig Emmanuilovich (1831–1888) - Russian industrialist , Alfred Nobel’s elder brother.
• Obermiller, Evgeny Evgenievich (1901-1935) - Soviet orientalist, Tibetologist, Sanskritologist and Buddhologist.
• Parland, Alfred Alexandrovich (1842-1919) - Russian architect , author of the St. Petersburg Temple of the Savior on Blood .
• Parrot, Georg Friedrich (1767-1852) - the first rector of the University of Dorpat , revived in 1802 .
• Peterson, Karl Aleksandrovich (poet) (1811–1890) - poet, literary critic, author of the famous poem “The Orphan”.
• Radlov, Vasily Vasilyevich (1837–1918) - an outstanding Russian orientalist - Türkologist , ethnographer , archeologist and teacher .
• Radlov, Ernest Leopoldovich (1854-1928) - director of the Imperial Public Library , historian of philosophy , philologist and translator .
• Raukh, Egor Ivanovich - Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, Leib-Medic Nicholas I , Privy Counselor .
• Regel, Edward Lyudvigovich (1815-1892) - an outstanding botanist, author of numerous studies of the flora of Eastern Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far East, describing more than a thousand plant species.
• Redkin, Peter G. (1808-1891) - Russian lawyer, historian of philosophy, rector of St. Petersburg University .
• Reitz, Vladimir Nikolaevich von (1838-1904) - Privy Councilor , MD, professor, founder and first head of the course of childhood diseases at the Clinical Institute of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna , one of the founders of the St. Petersburg and Russian schools of pediatricians.
• Sakellari, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1880–1936) - an outstanding navigator , flagship , professor , founder of the Soviet school of navigators ^[13] .
• Serk, Yuli Petrovich (1849-1919) - Actual State Counselor , Doctor of Medicine, Chief Doctor of the Children's Hospital of Prince Peter of Oldenburg .
• Suzor, Pavel Yul'evich (1844–1919) - Count , a major Russian architect and public figure, teacher , academician of architecture, state councilor ^[13] .

• Frey, Alexander Yakovlevich (1847–1899) - psychiatrist , hospital director, forensic expert.
• Ciniselli, Gaetano (1815-1881) - the founder of the St. Petersburg circus . [2] .
• Schaub, Vasily Vasilyevich (1861–1934) - architect , academician of architecture.
• Шиллинг, Павел Львович (1786—1837) — физик , академик , изобретатель первого в истории электромагнитного телеграфа, собиратель древних тибетско-монгольских и китайских рукописей.
• Шперк, Фёдор Эдуардович (1872—1897) — литературный критик и философ .
• Шперк, Эдуард Фридрихович (1837—1894) — врач — венеролог и первый директор Института экспериментальной медицины .
• Эйлер, Леонард (1707—1783) — выдающийся математик . В 1955 году прах перенесён на Лазаревское кладбище Александро-Невской лавры .
• Энгельгардт, Егор Антонович (1775—1862) — первый директор Петербургского педагогического института , директор Царскосельского лицея .
• Эссен-Стенбок-Фермор, Яков Иванович (1807—1866) — основатель «Пассажа» (кенотаф на стене у входа на кладбище).
• Якоби, Борис Семёнович (1801—1874) — изобретатель первого в мире практического электродвигателя , гальванопластики и телеграфных аппаратов.

•  

  Надгробие на могиле В. В. Докучаева

•  

  Надгробие на могиле Д. Гримма

•  

  Надгробие на могиле И. Буша

•  

  Надгробие на могиле Г. Чинизелли

•  

  Могила основателя Одессы И. М. Де Рибаса (1749—1800)

•  

  Могила полярного исследователя Ф. Н. Литке (1866—1912)

•  

  Могила академика А. Я. Купфера
  (1799—1865)

•  

  Надгробие на могиле
  Э. И. Маркуса (1853—1924)

•  

  Могила канцлера К. В. Нессельроде
  (1780—1862)

•  

  Могила Б. С. Якоби
  (1801—1874)

• В фильме « Два билета на дневной сеанс » (1966) на кладбище находится могила дочери главного героя Блинова, в которой он разместил тайник с драгоценностями.
• Ряд эпизодов фильма Алексея Балабанова «Брат» (1997) связан со Смоленским кладбищем. На нём живёт один из персонажей фильма — бездомный немец Гофман.
• Некоторые эпизоды фильма Олега Тепцова « Господин оформитель » (1988) сняты на Смоленском лютеранском кладбище.
• Могила Кадэгена Уэста в фильме « Двадцатый век начинается » (1986) .

• В.И.Саитов (составитель), по поруч. Вел. Prince Николая Михайловича . Петербургский некрополь, том I (А-Г), том II (Д-Л), том III (М-Р), том IV (С-Фита). - SPb. , типогр. М.М.Стасюлевича , 5 лин. В.О. , д.28, 1912 - 1913 .
• Алфавитный указатель исторических могил, находящихся на кладбищах гор. Петрограда и его окрестностей // Отдел IV: Алфавитный указатель исторических могил… // Весь Петроград на 1917 год, адресная и справочная книга г. Петрограда. — Петроград: Товарищество А. С. Суворина — «Новое время», 1917. — С. 486—489. — ISBN 5-94030-052-9 .
• И. В. Черказьянова (Санкт-Петербург). Смоленское лютеранское кладбище в Петербурге // АОО "Международный союз немецкой культуры"; при поддержке МИД Германии: Российские немцы / Die Russlanddeutschen : Научно-информационный бюллетень (выходит раз в квартал) / к. и. n И. В. Черказьянова, д-р А. Айсфельд, к. и. n С. И. Бобылёва и др. — М. : ЗАО "МСНК-пресс", 2006. — Вып. 3 (47), июль-сентябрь . — С. 12-15 .
• Г. В. Пирожков , Н. В. Громов. Смоленское лютеранское кладбище // А. В. Кобак, Ю. М. Пирютко , Исторические кладбища Санкт-Петербурга / Статья написана Н. В. Громовым, список исторических захоронений и план составлены Г. В. Пирожковым. — 2-е изд., дораб. and rev. — М. : Центрполиграф, 2011 . — С. 386—412. — ISBN 978-5-227-02688-0 .

• Смоленское лютеранское кладбище (Russian Necropolis Gallery)
• Смоленское лютеранское кладбище
• Смоленское лютеранское кладбище на карте Санкт-Петербурга
• Решение Одесского Городского совета «О сооружении мемориала Иосифу Михайловичу Дерибасу на Смоленском Лютеранском кладбище в городе Санкт-Петербурге (Россия)» (27.06.2006)
• Map of Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery showing celebrity graves
• Map of Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery in St. Petersburg
• Response of the Governor of St. Petersburg to Deputy B. L. Vishnevsky about the status of Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery in St. Petersburg
• Smolenskoe Lutheran Cemetery . - Date of treatment: 12/21/2017. (Copyright © 2017 Find A Grave. As of December 21, 2017, 1.102 monuments are on the site, of which 92% have a photo.)