Sartre, Jean-Paul

Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris and was the only child in the family. His father, Jean-Baptiste Sartre, officer of the French naval forces , his mother, Anna-Maria Schweitzer. On the maternal side, Jean-Paul was a cousin of Albert Schweitzer . When Jean-Paul was 15 months old, his father died. The family moved to the parental house in Medon .

Sartre was educated at the Lyceums of La Rochelle , graduated from the Higher Normal School ( French École normale supérieure ) in Paris with a dissertation in philosophy, and trained at the French Institute in Berlin (1934). He taught philosophy in various lyceums of France (1929-1939 and 1941-1944); since 1944 he devoted himself entirely to literary work. Back in his student years, he met Simone de Beauvoir , who became not just a companion of his life, but also a like-minded author.

In October 1945, together with Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merlot-Ponti, he founded the magazine “ New Times ” ( Les Temps modernes ).

In 1949, he acted as a defender of the USSR and the Soviet system at the Kravchenko trial in Paris. He acted as a supporter of peace at the Vienna Congress of Peoples in defense of peace in 1952, in 1953 he was elected a member of the World Peace Council .

In 1956, Sartre and the editors of the journal New Times distanced themselves (unlike Camus ) from accepting the ideas of French Algeria and supported the desire for independence of the Algerian people. Sartre speaks out against torture, defends the freedom of peoples to determine their destiny, and analyzes violence as a gang product of colonialism.

After repeated threats by French nationalists, their apartment in the center of Paris was twice blown up; Nationalist militants captured the editorial office of New Times five times.

Sartre, like many representatives of the intelligentsia of the Third World countries, actively supported the Cuban revolution of 1959 . In June 1960, he wrote 16 articles in France entitled “Hurricane for Sugar”. At this time, he collaborated with the Cuban news agency Prensa Latina . But then there was a break ^[1] with Castro , in 1971 due to the "case of Padilla", when the Cuban poet Padilla was imprisoned for criticizing the Castro regime.

Sartre took an active part in the Russell Tribunal to investigate the war crimes committed in Vietnam. In 1967, the International War Crimes Tribunal held its two meetings - in Stockholm and in Roskilde, where Sartre made his sensational speech about the genocide , including in French Algeria.

Sartre was a participant in the revolution in France in 1968 (you can even say its symbol: the rebellious students, having captured the Sorbonne , were allowed to enter Sartre alone), and in the post-war years, numerous democratic, Maoist movements and organizations. He participated in protests against the Algerian war , the suppression of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 , the Vietnam War , against the invasion of American troops in Cuba , against the deployment of Soviet troops in Prague , against the suppression of dissent in the USSR . Throughout his life, his political positions fluctuated quite a lot, but always remained left , and Sartre always defended the rights of a destitute person, that very humiliated “Self-taught”, to quote the novel “ Nausea ”.

In 1968, during student unrest in Paris, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to establish a student prize in his honor at the Sorbonne (the prize was supposed to be awarded for the best student essay on topics devoted to the problems of interpreting the concepts of freedom, existential choice and humanism in general) .

During the next protest, which grew into riots, J.-P. Sartre was detained, which caused student outrage. When Charles de Gaulle found out about this, he ordered Sartre to be released, saying: “France does not plant Voltaire.” [one]

Jean-Paul Sartre died on April 15, 1980 in Paris from pulmonary edema , and 50 thousand people escorted him on his last journey.

Sartre's literary work began with the novel " Nausea " ( French La Nausée ; 1938 ). Many critics consider this novel to be the best work of Sartre, in which he rises to the deep ideas of the Gospel, but from atheistic positions.

In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his work rich in ideas, imbued with the spirit of freedom and the search for truth, which had a huge impact on our time . "

He refused to accept this award, declaring his unwillingness to be indebted to any social institution and to question his independence. Similarly, in 1945, Sartre refused the Legion of Honor ^[2] . In addition, Sartre was embarrassed by the “bourgeois” and pronounced anti-Soviet orientation of the Nobel Committee, which, in his words (“Why I refused the prize,”) chose an unfortunate moment for the award — when Sartre openly criticized the USSR .

In the same year, Sartre announced his rejection of literary activity, describing literature as a surrogate for the effective transformation of the world.

Sartre's worldview was influenced, first of all, by Bergson , Husserl , Dostoevsky and Heidegger . He was fond of psychoanalysis . He wrote the preface to the book of Franz Fanon “The Curse of the Branded”, thereby contributing to the popularization of his ideas in Europe. He introduced the term “ Antiromanian ” into literary criticism , which became a designation of the literary trend.

Freedom

One of the central concepts for the whole philosophy of Sartre is the concept of freedom. In Sartre, freedom was presented as something absolute, once and for all given (“a person is condemned to be free”). It precedes the essence of man. Sartre understands freedom not as freedom of the spirit leading to inaction, but as freedom of choice that no one can take from a person: the prisoner is free to decide whether to reconcile or fight for his release, and what will happen next depends on circumstances beyond the competence of the philosopher .

Sartre's concept of free will unfolds in the theory of “project”, according to which the individual is not set up for himself, but projects, “assembles” himself as such. Thus, he is fully responsible for himself and for his actions. To characterize Sartre’s position, they themselves are cited in the article “Existentialism is Humanism” quoted by Ponge : “Man is the future of man.”

"Existence" is a constantly living moment of activity, taken subjectively. This concept does not denote a stable substance, but a constant loss of balance. In "Nausea," Sartre shows that the world has no meaning, the "I" has no purpose. Through the act of consciousness and choice, the “I” gives the world meaning and value.

It is human activity that gives meaning to the world. Objects are signs of individual human meanings. Beyond this, they are just given, passive and inert circumstances. Giving them one or another individual human meaning, meaning, a person forms himself as one way or another outlined individuality.

Alienation

The concept of “ alienation ” is associated with the concept of freedom. Sartre understands the modern individual as an alienated being: his personality is standardized (as a waiter with a professional smile and accurately calculated movements is standardized); it is subordinated to various social institutions, which, as it were, “stand” above a person, but do not come from him (for example, a state that represents an alienated phenomenon - the alienation of the individual’s ability to take part in joint business management), and therefore is deprived of the most important thing - the ability to create my history.

A man alienated from himself has problems with material objects — they press on him with his obsessive existence, their viscous and solid-motionless presence, causing “nausea” (Antoine Rocanten’s nausea in the work of the same name ). In contrast, Sartre affirms special, immediate, integral human relationships.

Dialectics

The essence of dialectics is a synthetic unification into wholeness (“totalization”), since only within integrity do dialectic laws make sense. An individual “totalizes” material circumstances and relations with other people and creates history itself, in the same measure as it does it. Objective economic and social structures act as a whole as an alienated superstructure over the internally individual elements of the “project”. The requirement of totalization assumes that a person is revealed in all its manifestations as a whole.

Totalization expands the space of human freedom, as the individual realizes that the story is created by himself.

Sartre insists that the dialectic comes precisely from the individual, because it implies its fundamental cognizability, "transparency" and "rationality", as a result of the direct coincidence of human activity and cognition of this activity (making an act, a person thinks that he knows why he commits it). Since there is none of this in nature, Sartre rejects the dialectic of nature, putting forward a whole series of arguments against it.

Artwork

• Nausea (1938)
• Words (1964)
• Freud Screenplay
• Dirty hands (Les Mains sales, 1948).
• Roads of Freedom (Unfinished Tetralogy) (Les chemins de la liberté, 3 vols, 1945-1949)
  • " Age of maturity "
  • “Deferral”
  • "Death in the soul"
  • "Strange friendship"
• Plays
  • Flies (1943)
  • Behind closed doors (“Behind a locked door”, “Locked”, “No way out”) (“Huis clos”, 1943)
  • Dead without burial (Morts sans sépulture, 1946)
  • The respectful slut (La Putain respectueuse, 1946)
  • The Devil and the Lord God (1951)
  • “Only the truth” (Nekrasov).
  • The Recluses of Altona (Les Séquestrés d'Altona, 1960)
• Collection of short stories "Wall" (1939)
  • Wall
  • Room
  • Herostratus
  • Intimacy
  • Master's childhood
• Trojans (Les Troyannes, 1968), based on the tragedy of Euripides

Literary criticism

• Every family has its black sheep. Gustav Flaubert (1821-1857)
• Explanation of the "Outsider"
• Aminadav, or On fiction, considered as a special language
• The myth and reality of the theater
• To the theater of situations

Philosophical and theoretical works

• What is literature
• Being and Nothing (L'Être et le néant, 1943)
• The basic idea of ​​Husserl's phenomenology: intentionality
• Method Issues
• Imagination
• The transcendence of the ego. A sketch of the phenomenological description
• Existentialism is Humanism
• Cartesian Freedom
• Primary attitude to another. Love, language, masochism
• Criticism of the dialectical mind

Political Work

• Reflections on the Jewish Question (1944)
• On genocide (from a speech at the Russel War Crimes Tribunal, 1968)
• Why I refused the prize (1964)
• The Age Deprived of Morality (from a 1975 interview)
• Fellow traveler of the communist party (interview given to Victor P. in November 1972)
• Left-wing radicalism and illegality (conversation of Phillip Gavi, Victor Pierre and J.-P. Sartre)
• Andreas Baader.
• Maoists in France
• Uprising in Hungary: The Ghost of Stalin (La révolte de la Hongrie: Le fantôme de Staline, 1956)
• “Rebellion is a just cause” (On a raison de se révolter, 1974)

Books in Russian

• Sartre J.-P. Existentialism is Humanism / Per. with fr. M. Gretsky. M .: Publishing house of foreign literature , 1953. - 42 p.
• Sartre J.-P. Only truth. M .: Art, 1956
• Sartre J.-P. The words. M .: Progress, 1966
• Sartre J.-P. Plays. M .: Art, 1967
• Sartre J.-P. Wall. Selected works. Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature , 1992. - 480 p., 100,000 copies.
• Sartre J.-P. Herostratus / Per. with fr. D. Gamkrelidze, L. Grigoryan. M .: Republic, 1992.— 224 p.,
• Sartre J.-P. Nausea: Selected Works / Transl. with fr. V.P. Gaydamak; entry Art. S.N. Zenkina. M .: Republic, 1994.
• Sartre J.-P. Method problems / Per. with fr .; note V.P. Gaydamaki. M .: Progress, 1994.
• Sartre J.-P. Situations / Comp. and foreword. S. Velikovsky. M .: Ladomir, 1997.
• Sartre J.-P. An idiot in the family: G. Flaubert from 1821 to 1857 / Per. E. Plekhanova. St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 1998.
• Sartre J.P. Genesis and Nothing: An Experience of Phenomenological Ontology / Per. with fr., foreword, note. V.I. Kolyadko. - M .: Republic, 2000 .-- 640 p., 5,000 copies. ISBN 5-250-02729-6
• Sartre J.-P. What is literature? / Per. with fr. N.I. Poltoratskaya. St. Petersburg: Alethea: CEU, 2000.
• Sartre J.-P. Portrait of anti-Semite. St. Petersburg: European House, 2000.
• Sartre J.-P. The last chance. St. Petersburg: ABC, 2000
• Sartre J.-P. Imaginary. Phenomenological Psychology of Imagination / Transl. with fr. M. Beketova. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2001 .-- 320 p.,
• Sartre J.-P. Diaries of a strange war, September 1939 - March 1940 / Foreword. and note. A. E. Sartre; per. with fr. O. Volchek and S. Fokina. St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dal, 2002.
• Sartre J.-P. The words. Hermit Altona / Per. with fr. L. Kirkach. M .: LLC "Publishing house AST", 2002.
• Sartre J.-P. Baudelaire / Per. with fr. G.K. Kosikova. M .: URSS, 2004.
• Sartre J.-P. Transcendence of the Ego: A Sketch of a Phenomenological Description / Translated from French. D. Kralechkina. M.: Modern, 2012

Sartre J.-P. Portrait of the anti-Semite [: short story “The Leader’s Childhood” / “The Wall”, 1939 and essay “Reflections on the Jewish Question”, 1944 , 1946 ] / Per. with fr. G. Notkina . St. Petersburg: ABC , 2006 . - 256 s. - ISBN 5-352-01194-1 ("ABC classic" pocket-book)

• Sartre J.-P. Plays. M .: Fluid, 2008.
  • Flies / Per. with fr. L. Zonina
  • Dead without burial / Per. with fr. E. Yakushkina
  • The respectful slut (Lizzy McKay) / Per. with fr. L. Bolshintsova
  • The Devil and the Lord God / Transl. with fr. E. Puchkova
  • Hermit Altona / Per. with fr. L. Bolshintsova
• Sartre J.-P. The man under siege / Comp., Entry. Art., note. L. N. Tokareva. M .: Vagrius, 2006.
  • Words / Transl. with fr. Yu. Y. Yakhnina and L. A. Zonina
  • Diaries of the "strange war". September 1939 - March 1940 (fragments of the book) / Per. with fr. O. E. Volchek and S. L. Fokina
  • Existentialism is Humanism / Per. with fr. M. N. Gretsky
  • Why I refused the Nobel Prize
  • Conversations of Jean Paul Sartre with Simone de Beauvoir in August-September 1974 / Per. with fr. L. N. Tokareva

Publications in Russian

• Sartre J.-P. Essay on the theory of emotions / Per. с фр. Е. Е. Насиновской и А. А. Пузырея, в книге «Психология эмоций», сост. В. К. Вилюнас. СПб.: Питер, 2008.

• Великовский С. Путь Сартра-драматурга 1967
• Киссель М. А. Философская эволюция Ж.-П.Сартра Лениздат, 1976
• Грецкий М. Н. Марксистская философская мысль во Франции. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1977.
• Долгов К. М. Эстетика Жана-Поля Сартра. М.: Знание, 1990.
• Андреев Л. Г. Жан-Поль Сартр: свободное сознание и XX век. М.: Geleos, 2004.
• Альсберг К. Больное место. Еврейство, желание и язык у Сартра // Ж.-П. Сартр в настоящем времени: Автобиографизм в литературе, философии и политике. СПб.: СПбГУ , 2006 . С. 169—186.
• Бердяев Н. Сартр и судьба экзистенциализма
• Юровская Э. П. Жан-Поль Сартр. Жизнь — философия — творчество. СПб.: Петрополис, 2006.
• Дунаевская, Рая . Философия и революция: от Гегеля до Сартра и от Маркса до Мао , 1973 .
• Дубровских А.А. От маоизма во Франции к французскому маоизму // Постулат. 2019. № 7
• Долгов К. М. О встрече с Жан-Поль Сартром и Симоной де Бовуар // Вопросы философии.2007. № 2. С. 151—160.
• Кузнецов, Виталий Николаевич . Жан-Поль Сартр и экзистенциализм. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1969.
• Леденева Е. В. Ничто у Сартра и Гегеля. Credo new. 2013, № 2 .
• Мердок А. Сартр — романтический рационалист. 1953.

• Сартр, Жан-Поль в библиотеке Максима Мошкова
• Травина Е. Жан-Поль Сартр. Закованный в свободу
• Нудельман Ф. Сартр — автор своего времени?
• Смит, Марти . Кулинарный дневник Сартра
• Попова О. В. Н. А. Бердяев и Ж.-П. Сартр: два полюса экзистенциальной философии // Электронный журнал « Знание. Understanding. Умение ». — 2010. — № 1 — Философия . Политология .
• Власова О.А. Жан-Поль Сартр и антипсихиатрия или как социальная теория проникла в науку о душевных болезнях // Хора. — 2010. — № 1/2 (11/12) . — С. 71-86 .
• Гасилин, А. В. Экзистенциальный психоанализ Жан-Поля Сартра (неопр.) (10 октября 2014). Дата обращения 2 ноября 2014. Архивировано 2 ноября 2014 года.
• Документальный фильм о Сартре из серии "Гении и злодеи" (телеканал "Культура")

Писатель

• Великовский С. Жан Поль Сартр о самом себе (Слова)
• Великовский С. Сартр — литературный критик
• Власова Т. В. Одиночество как залог возрождения
• Ерофеев В. Проза Сартра
• Зенкин С. Сартр и сакральное
• Шибанов, Игорь . Идет война — я буду воевать: пьеса «Грязными руками» (недоступная ссылка с 12-05-2013 [2355 дней])

Мыслитель

• Мамардашвили М. К. Категория социального бытия и метод его анализа в экзистенциализме Сартра
• Кандалинцева Л. Е. Проблема Свободы в социальной философии Франции (А.Камю, Ж.-П.Сартр)
• Гасилин А.В. Экзистенциальный психоанализ Сартра как метод философской антропологии // Филология: научные исследования. — 2015. - № 4. - С.331-339.

Политик

• Сидоров, А. Н. Жан-Поль Сартр и либертарный социализм во Франции (50—70-е гг. XX в.) . — Иркутск: Издательство ИрГТУ, 2006.
• Бабич Д. История письма Сартра в защиту Иосифа Бродского // Комсомольская правда . 1992 . 19 декабря .
• Боуман, Элизабет А. Современный кризис капитализма: проблема освобождения человека: взгляд Ж.-П. Сартра
• Тесля А. А. Экзистенциальный опыт понимания социального . [: Рецензия на книгу: Сартр Ж.-П. Портрет антисемита. СПб., 2006 ]
• Возраст зрелости (Аудиокнига) (недоступная ссылка с 12-05-2013 [2355 дней])