Old Russian cryptography

Cryptographies found in ancient Russian texts have several systems:

1. The system of "alien letters." It consists in replacing the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet with the letters of other alphabets.
   1. Cryptography with the Verb
   2. Cryptography in Latin letters
   3. Cryptography in Greek alphabet
   4. Perm alphabet (abur)
2. The system of changed characters.
   1. Cryptography of the monk Luke .
   2. Proverb .
   3. Vowel Proverb .
   4. Cryptography from "Interpretation of the Papolitan from Cheney . "
   5. Cryptography from the gospel (written under Vyazma) .
3. Systems of purposely invented signs.
   1. Conditional alphabets.
      1. The ABCs of Filaret .
      2. Cryptography of A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin .
      3. Cryptography of V. M. Tyapkin .
      4. Cryptography from the manuscript of N.P. Nikiforov .
      5. Cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
         1. The first cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
         2. The second cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
         3. The third cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
         4. The fourth cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
         5. The fifth cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
         6. Sixth cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
      6. Cryptography "lattice" .
      7. Cryptographic letter of Peter I.
   2. Complicated alphabets.
      1. The key to cryptography from the 17th century chronograph .
      2. The key to the cryptography from the manuscript of the library of the Synod printing house No. 1028 .
      3. The key to Koptsev’s alphabet .
      4. The key to the flopyatsevsky alphabet .
      5. Comparison of four alphabet
4. Letter replacement systems.
   1. Garabar letter .
   2. Simple litorea .
   3. Wise litorea .
   4. Sixth cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell .
   5. Letter in squares .
   6. The key to the cryptography of Peter I.
5. Counting systems.
   1. Digital discharge .
   2. Descriptive rank .
   3. Icon discharge .
6. Cryptography.
   1. Pomeranian ligature .
   2. Elm Russian banners.
      1. Elm banner Ermak .
      2. Elm banner Dmitry Pozharsky .
   3. Titles .
   4. The elm of the prayer is “It is worthy to eat . ”
   5. Elm book headers .
   6. Monocondyl .
   7. Bookplate of Hegumen Dosifei .
   8. Monogram "King"
7. Other systems.
   1. Acrostic
   2. Return letter .
   3. Pirate .

In chronological order, cryptography was used as follows:

• XI - XVI centuries - Glagolitic alphabet .
• XIII - XVIII centuries - simple litorea and wise litorea .
• XIV century - altered Cyrillic characters .
• XIV - n. XVI century - Perm alphabet .
• XIV— XVII centuries - a proverb .
• XIV — XVII centuries - digital rank .
• XV-XVII centuries - Greek alphabet .
• XVI- XIX centuries - a digital digit with Arabic numerals.
• XVI century - the conditional order of letters in a word.
• XVI-XVII centuries - conditional alphabets with traces of the ordinary.
• XVI-XVII centuries - a significant discharge .
• the end of the XIV — XIX centuries - ligature .
• XVI — XVIII centuries - Latin alphabet .
• XVI-XIX centuries - the opposite direction of writing .
• from the 17th century - deliberately invented alphabets.
• XVII century - writing in squares .
• XVII century - descriptive digital rank .
• XVII century - acrostic .

Cryptography from the gospel written under Vyazma

In the gospel of 1527 written near Vyazma (manuscript of the State Publ. Biblical QI N 21) there is a small afterword (see fig.), Which presents a rich mixture of different principles of cryptography.

First of all, at least in the beginning, the author tried to use the method of rearranging letters. In the word ow (a) d (s) ko, the letter A precedes the letter B in the letter, and K stands before D. At the beginning of the next word is also a permutation.

Along with the changed signs by adding circles ^[2] , which brings them closer to the verb (,,,,,,,,,, Л ), signs with clearly Greek inclinations are used: A is alpha with a very rounded and elongated bottom, C - a pronounced affinity for sigma , P - inverted po ^[3] , L - lambda , at the letter P, the pillars below are rounded inward and connected in the manner of omega .

At the letter n, the change affected the rounding of sharp corners. The result was a snake. The letter G is in an explicit attempt to change, but looks like an ordinary one. The original title above the second letter L for modern perception turned out to be the Latin written letter L.

Letters such as izhitsa , omega and decimal are written unchanged.

Some letters are presented in different variations. So the letter L in three forms at once: Greek, altered and ordinary, and the letter T - altered and ordinary.

The general structure of writing is the desire for roundness. The horizontal elongation of letters both on top of the line and below, in combination with the superposition of letters on each other, creates a kind of ligature . Particularly successful in this regard was the word glory .

Despite the excess of imagination, the scribe clearly confused the letters E and A on the letter - he applied E instead of A twice. ^[4] .

Monk's Cryptography Luke

The cryptography of the monk Luke is a typical example of a system of altered signs .

The cryptography is contained, in the words of the scientist M.S.Speransky, in the Smolensk Psalter of 1395. The author of the cryptography is the monk Luke. Cryptography consists of three types: cryptography of altered styles, numeral counting and ligature system ^[5] .

In the Psalter, the scribe, who is fluent in the art of writing and familiar with various cryptographic systems, wrote such lines on sheets 72 and 129 (Fig. 1).

When creating the cryptographic alphabet, the monk Luke used the following techniques:

• letter flips (Fig. 2 a),
• deformation of letters (Fig. 2 b),
• trimming part of the letters (Fig. 2 c),
• the use of special styles (Fig. 2 g). ^[6]

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  Fig. one

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  Fig. 2

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  Fig. 3

Cryptography from the Interpretation of the Papolite from Chenia

The cryptography from the "Interpretation of the Papolitian from the Chen" refers to the system of altered signs of ancient Russian cryptographic records .

In the manuscript b. Trinity Lavra N 780 (1632) - Collection of 1549 - in the article "Interpretation of the Papolitovo (Ippolitovo) from the Cheney" among the plain text on sheet 526 are cryptographic lines.

Exactly the same text is found in manuscript b. Khludovo (Istoric. Mus., Moscow, N 30), XIV century, on the back of the 16th sheet, where the corresponding place is written in the usual letter: "the twists are three ov (e) l (o) in (e) yellow. green, black, yes from yellow fire sickness, and from green winter sickness, and from black see (e) mercury.

Comparing open and encrypted places, it is not difficult to understand the meanings of individual characters. (Fig. 1)

In the same manuscript b. Trinity Lavra N 780 on sheet 527 is another cryptographic record . The encrypted space is highlighted by an ellipsis and a wavy cross. Based on the previous decryption , you can read: "glory to you b (o) glory to you, g (ospod) and." (Fig. 2) ^[6]

Cryptography from the manuscript of N.P. Nikiforov

The system of purposely invented characters (or conditional alphabets) of ancient Russian cryptographic records includes a cryptographic record in the manuscript of the late 16th century, which belonged to the collection of manuscripts of N. P. Nikiforov (now the History of Music. N 3801).

In this cryptography, the "dimming" of the usual letter styles is achieved by:

• deformation of the original letters (letters E, L, P and W),
• turning over - letter P ,
• substitutions - for the letter G, the style of fita is taken, and for the letter H - omega ,
• for the remaining letters, deliberately invented characters are used . ^[6]

17th Century Chronograph

In the manuscript b. Rumyantsev Museum No. 460 - a 17th-century chronograph on the margins there are a lot of notes in cryptographic alphabet , partially cut off at a later binding of the manuscript.

Based on these notes A. Kh. Vostokov compiled the alphabet of this cryptography . A leaf with this key was embedded in the manuscript itself (see Fig. 1).

The signs of this cryptography are based

• in Greek cursive styles for six letters - D, E, M, N, P and C,
• on a half-word for two letters - b and b,
• on twelve deformed Cyrillic letters - M, Z, P, X, U, B, S, Y, Y, K, C and C,
• two inverted letters - B and Z,
• and invented characters for nine letters - A, G, D, F, R, T, U, omega and M.

In addition, for fourteen letters there are non-linear (double and triple) markings ^{[7] [6]} .

According to the sign system, this cryptography in affinity with cryptography

• key to cryptography from the manuscript of the library of the Synod printing house No. 1028 ,
• the key to Koptsev’s alphabet ,
• and the key to the "flopyatsevsky alphabet" -

The number of common characters with other alphabets is shown in Fig. 2.

1. Cryptography with a verb .
   1. "Eugene" psalter , 13 Words of Gregory the Theologian of the XI century. (Leningrad. Publ. Bibl.).
   2. "Tolstoy" explanatory psalter (Leningrad. Publ. Bibl.).
   3. Excerpt from the teachings of the XIII century.
   4. The postscripts in the church charter of the 11th – 12th centuries (b. Typography. Synod. Bibl.).
   5. Flying leaves of the Kiev-Pechersk printing house .
      1. Life of St. Memories.
      2. Ladder.
      3. On the Monk Pamit of Nitrians 1626-1629
2. Cryptography in Greek alphabet .
   1. Bible Collection b. Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius N 793 (1639).
   2. Serv. less collect. I.E. Zabelina ( State. History. Mus. ) N 52 (n. XVI century.).
   3. Prologue (Leningrad. Publ. Bibl.) 1431-1434.
3. Cryptography in Latin letters .
   1. Notes of the reader on the sidelines of the “Chronograph” n. XVII century (former Rumyantsev Museum ) N 460.
   2. Record on the edge of "Temporary" (Historical. Mus.) N 2291, K. XVII century.
4. Perm alphabet .
   1. Manuscript N 357 (former Rumyantsev Museum), first. half of the 15th century
   2. List of Josephus Flavius ​​b. Patr. bible N 770, XVI — XVII centuries.
   3. The manuscript of Dionysius the Areopagite in the registry of Ustvy (Tsarsk-Uvarov N 48), XVI century.
   4. Book of Small Prophets F. 1. N 3 (Len. Pb), beg. XVI century
   5. Serv. less b. Assumption Sob. N 18 (East. Mus.) Perg. beg. XV c.
   6. Bible books b. Archive Min. John D. 69, Xv - XVI centuries.
5. Changed characters.
   1. Smolensk Psalter 1395
   2. Manuscript b. Trinity Lavra N 780 - Collection of 1549
6. Proverb .
   1. Manuscript cod. Vatic. Slav. N VIII.
   2. Manuscript b. Patriarchal Bible. N 951, XV century
   3. Manuscript b. Mosk. Synod. Bible N 1028, XVII century.
7. Conditional alphabet with traces of the usual.
   1. Manuscript b. Rumyantsev Bible. N 460 chronograph of the 17th century
   2. Record in manuscript N 3801 (East Museum), K. XVI century.
8. Deliberately invented alphabet.
   1. Manuscript b. Mosk. Synod. Printing houses N 1028, XVII century.
   2. Manuscript Mosk b. Patr. bible N 993, XVII century.
9. Specially invented alphabets .
   1. The key to cryptography on a separate sheet (former Patr. Bibl.) N 93, second half of the 17th century
   2. The alphabet attached to the icon-painting Original (History mus.) N 340, XVII century.
   3. Cryptography of the Zvenigorod Bell , 1667
10. Simple litorea .
    1. Manuscript of the Tver Museum N 1.
    2. Vyazemsky manuscript N LVIII.
    3. Manuscript of I.E. Zabelin N 537 (East. Mus.).
    4. Five line entry on the Shenkur Prologue 1229
    5. Message from Metropolitan Cyprian to Sergius of Radonezh on Mitya, June 23, 1378
    6. Sixth cryptography of the Zvenigorod bell (sixth), 1667
11. Alphabets “Sinodskaya”, “Azadskaya”, “Methododskaya”, “Metofryastskaya”, complicated “simple litorea” (about 17 alphabet in total).
    1. Manuscript N 5 (Source muses.), XVII century.
    2. The syllable about pagans in manuscript N 993 (former Patr. Bibl.), XVI century.
12. Letter in squares .
    1. Manuscript of the Bible. AN from the collection of I. I. Sreznevsky, XVII century.
13. Digital discharge .
    1. Pskov Apostle N 722 (former patr. Bibl.), 1307
    2. Record on the Novgorod Gospel N 70 (former Patr. Bibl.), 1355
    3. Manuscript of I.N. Nikiforov N 3803 (East. Muses.), XVI century.
14. Descriptive rank .
    1. Afterword to the "Laodicean Epistle."
    2. In the manuscript of Zabelin N 541 (Source muses.), XVII century.
    3. In the manuscript of Vydubitsky mon. XVII century in "The Story of a certain battle."
15. Digital system (ordinal numbers).
    1. Collection N 369 (former Rumyantsevsky Muses).
    2. Manuscript N 865 (former Patr. Bibl.), XVII century.
    3. Copy from the recording of the Yugoslav translator of the writings of Dionysius the Areopagite, XV century.
16. Digital system (nouns are formed from numerals).
    1. Manuscript of Cyril Belozersky mon. N 21.
    2. Record in the Apostle N 725 (former Patr. Bibl.), XVI _ XVII century.
17. Digital system with arabic numerals.
    1. Izmaragd written in Kaluga N 199 (former Moscow Synod. Printing house), n. XVII century
18. Icon system .
    1. Manuscript of N. S. Tikhonravov N ​​326 (formerly Rumyantsevsky Muses), 17th century
19. Acrostic
    1. The Laodian Epistle, 17th century
20. The reverse direction of the letter .
    1. Manuscript b. Solovetsky Mon. N 227 (Len. Publ. Bibl.).
21. Conditional order of letters in a word.
    1. A note attached to the "formal reply" by K. N. Savin, Russian envoy to the Georgian Tsar Alexander, 1597
    2. Collection N 1590 (State Publ. Bibl.), XVII century.
22. Monocondyl .
    1. The manuscript of Undolsk. N 53 (Psalter with Examination) (former Rumyantsevsky Muses), XVI century
    2. Vyazemsky Gospel, 1527
23. Elm .
    1. Manuscript b. Miracle Mon. N 11 (former Patr. Bibl.), XIV century.
    2. XIII century list the writings of John of Damascus on the right faith in the translation of John Exarch (former patr. bibl.)

• Speransky M.N. Cryptography in the South Slavic and Russian monuments of writing. - L. , 1929.
• Leontiev G.A., Shorin P.A., Kobrin V.B. Keys to the secrets of Clio. - M., 1994.
• Babash A.V., Shankin G.P. The history of cryptography. Part I. - M .: Helios ARV, 2002 .-- 240 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-85438-043-9 .
• Shamin S. M. Unknown cryptographic alphabet from the archive of the Order of Secret Affairs // Ancient Russia. Questions of Medieval Studies . - 2010. - No. 2. - S. 103-106.

• Some cryptography on the site. Popular calligraphy.