The Northern Catherine Canal [3] is a previously abandoned shipping channel in the Republic of Komi and the Perm Territory (Russia) [4] . It connects the rivers Djuric (tributary of the Southern Keltma , the Kama basin) and the Northern Keltma (tributary of the Vychegda , the Northern Dvina basin ) [4] .
| North Catherine Canal | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| A country |
|
| Subjects of the Russian Federation | Komi Republic , Perm Region |
| Areas | Ust-Kulomsky district , Cherdynsky district |
| HWR Code | and |
| Characteristic | |
| Length | 17.6 km |
| Watercourse | |
| Head | Djurić |
| Mouth | North Celtma |
| · Location of the mouth | 139 km from the mouth, the village of Kanava |
 | Object of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance reg. No. 111510253660006 ( EGROKN ) (Wikigid database) |
The canal was an integral part of the North Catherine Waterway (named after Catherine II ). The channel was of local importance, it ensured trade between the Ust-Sysolsky district of the Vologda province and the Cherdynsky and Solikamsky districts of the Perm province . [5]
Content
Geographical position
The canal is located in the through valley connecting Vychegda and Kama (through this valley - Keltmin spillway - during the glaciation there was a flow of Vychegda waters into Kama due to the fact that Vychegda was dammed by a glacier). It is surrounded by a belt of swamps 8… 14 km wide.
At the northern end of the canal is the village of Kanawa .
History
The idea of the channel is attributed to V. N. Tatishchev [5] The waterway was conceived as an effective way of delivering Siberian goods to the Arkhangelsk port , instead of the long-standing dragging on the way from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk [6] (before the construction of the canal, it was also possible to route cargo ships through a swampy lowland during the spring flood [5] ).
At the point of maximum convergence of the upper reaches of North Celtma and Djurić, a navigable canal 17.6 km long was dug. The channel was built for 36 years intermittently, from 1785 to 1822 [4] . From 1804 to 1811, the construction was supervised by Karl Fedorovich Moderakh . In 1812, it was decided to leave the canal in an unfinished state so that it could be used at least for spring navigation. [7]
By 1822, locks were built on the canal, but the North and South Keltma and Djuric rivers were not cleared. Navigation along the canal was only possible with high spring waters. [7]
In 1822, the canal was opened and more than sixty cargo ships passed through it during its operation [6] . However, already in 1838, the channel was closed for economic reasons [4] . Due to the low water typical of the upper reaches of any rivers, the canal ceased to fulfill its functions. After closing, shipping continued for nine more years [6] .
In 1890, Yu. M. Shokalsky set out to study Vychegda, Sosva and Tavda to study the possibility of using these rivers as routes connecting Arkhangelsk with Western Siberia , in the case of the railway between their headwaters. After finishing work on Vychegda, Shokalsky climbed North Keltme to the Northern Catherine Canal. North Keltma was inconvenient for shipping: shallow, narrow and in some places littered with forest. The channel fell into disrepair, silted up and its floodgates were destroyed. Local peasants built dams on it for mills that hold part of the water in the canal and make it possible to pass through the canal in a boat, crossing the dams. South Keltma and the Djurić River are more convenient for swimming, but also shallow. [eight]
Northern Entrance (on the North Keltma River), 1890
Water mill, 1890
Water mill, 1890
In 1915, the canal was cleared using the labor of prisoners of war. [7]
In the basin of the Northern Dvina, the sterlet passed from Kama through the channel in the early 1830s. [9]
Development Projects
In 1927, it was proposed to transfer part of the flow of the Pechora and Vychegda rivers to the Kama River through a combined watershed reservoir. [10] In 1933, it was proposed to build a dam on Vychegda at the mouth of the Keltma River [10] or in the area of Ust-Kulom . [10] construction of a huge reservoir on the Pechora and Vychegda rivers with gravity supply of water to Kama was abandoned in the 1960s [10] . In the 1980s [10] variant was considered with the creation of the Ust-Kulomsky reservoir on the Vychegda, the North-Keltmensk and South-Keltmen hydroelectric complexes on the water supply path and the canal along the South Keltma to the Kama. [10] An option was also considered when the Ust-Kulomsky waterworks is arranged in Vychegda, from which water is pumped into the North Keltmen and South Keltmen reservoirs, and then discharged into the Kama. [10]
Current State
Currently, the channel is destroyed. The channel became shallow, the banks were overgrown with forest (mainly birches ) and collapsed so that in some places the canal looks like a ditch several meters wide, filled with standing water [4] . The channel is used by locals for communication in motorboats [6] .
See also
- Transural waterway
Notes
- ↑ Surface water resources of the USSR: Hydrological knowledge. Vol. 3. The Northern Territory / ed. N. M. Lived. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1965. - 612 p.
- ↑ Surface water resources of the USSR: Hydrological knowledge. T. 11. Middle Ural and Urals. Issue 1. Kama / ed. V.V. Nikolaenko. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1966. - 324 p.
- ↑ Map Sheet P-40-XXV, XXVI Lower Vach . Scale: 1: 200 000. Specify the date of issue / state of the area .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Mikova K.D. Dzhurich, river, left-bank tributary of the river. Southern Keltma / / Permsky Krai: electronic encyclopedia. - Perm: PGOUB .
- ↑ 1 2 3 D. Klimenko. Essays on the history of hydrological research in the Urals. Monograph - Perm, 2011
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 North Catherine Canal (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is May 18, 2014. Archived November 4, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Iv. Severnov North Dvinsko-Ural waterway (Abandoned North Catherine Canal) // News of the Vologda Society for the Study of the Northern Territory. Issue 3 —Vologda: Printing house of P. A. Tsvetov, 1916 . www.booksite.ru . The appeal date is December 1, 2018.
- ↑ A. Veselovsky. Scientific Expeditions of the Russian Geographical Society to the North in 1843–1893 (Historical Reference) // Northern Edge. Journal published by the Vologda Society for the Study of the Northern Territory. Book number 3. May - July 1922 . www.booksite.ru . The appeal date is December 1, 2018.
- ↑ Sabaneev L.P. Fish of Russia. Life and fishing (fishing) of our freshwater fish - M.: 1892
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Berezner A. S. Territorial redistribution of river flow in the European part of the RSFSR — L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985
Literature
- Chubinsky P.P. North Catherine's Way // Arkhangelsk Provincial Gazette . - 1867. - № 68