Generalissimus (from the Latin. Generalissimus - "most important") - the highest military rank ( military position , honorary military title ) in France , the British Empire , the Holy Roman Empire , the Austrian Empire , the Russian Empire , the USSR , Sweden , Spain , Mexico , China , Japan , the DPRK and other countries. Historically, this term was used to designate the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the army commander of a state or several states that are in a military alliance (more often only for a period of war ).
History
At different times in individual states, the term “Generalissimo” was used in several meanings that relate to the sphere of military activity [1] . In France of the 16th — 19th centuries, it was an honorary military title that was granted to persons of the ruling dynasties and the most prominent statesmen. In the Holy Roman Empire , the Austrian Empire and England - the post of commander of the army during the war or the commander in chief of all the troops of the state. In Russia of the XVIII — XX centuries and Spain of the XIX — XX centuries - the highest military rank conferred for life.
For the first time the title of generalissimo, separated from the post of constable , was granted in 1569 in France by King Charles IX to his brother, Duke of Anjou (later to King Henry III ) [2] . Currently, holders of titles, titles and positions of "Generalissimo" are absent.
List of Generalissimos by Country
France
- King Henry III [3] (1551–1589)
- Duke Heinrich Guise [3] (1550-1588)
- Duke Armand de Richelieu [4] (1585–1642)
- Duke of the Duchy of Savoy, Victor Amadeus I [5] (1587-1637)
- Prince Carignano Thomas [6] (1595–1656)
- Prince Louis Conde [3] (1621–1686)
- Prince Armand Conti [7] (1629–1666)
- Antoine Ruhr [8] (? —1670)
- Duke of Orleans Philip [2] (1640-1701)
- Pierre Laporte (Roland) [9] (1680-1704)
- King of the Sardinian Kingdom Victor Amadeus II [10] (1666-1732)
- Duke of Burgundy Louis [11] (1682-1712)
- Duke Claude Villars [3] (1653—1734)
- Duke Louis Richelieu [3] (1696-1788)
- Duke Victor Broglie [12] (1718-1804)
- Nicolas Luckner [13] (1722–1794)
- Jacques Katelino [14] (1759–1793)
- Maurice d'Elbe [15] (1752-1794)
- Henri Larochejaklen [16] (1772-1794)
- Duke of Angouleme Louis [17] (1775–1844)
British Empire
- Duke John Marlborough (Churchill) (1650-1722)
Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Empire
- Prince Albrecht Wallenstein [3] (1583–1634)
- Count Johann Tilly [18] (1559–1632)
- Emperor Ferdinand III [19] (1608-1657)
- Count Peter Melander [20] (1589–1648)
- Duke Raimund Montekukkoli [3] (1609–1680)
- Duke of Lorraine Charles [21] (1643–1690)
- Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II [2] (1662–1726)
- Prince Eugene of Savoy [3] (1663–1736)
- Margrave of Baden-Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm [22] (1655-1707)
- Prince Leopold Down [3] (1705–1766)
- Baron Ernst Loudon [23] (1717-1790)
- Archduke Karl of Austria [3] (1771–1847)
- Prince Karl Schwarzenberg [3] (1771-1819)
- Prince Alfred of Windischgrätz [24] (1787–1862)
Russia
In Russia, the title “Generalissimo” [25] was granted for the first time on June 28, 1696 by Peter I to commander AS Shein for successful operations near Azov [3] (however , F.Y. Romodanovsky and I.I. appropriated 2 years earlier, in 1694 [26] ). Officially, the military rank of generalissimo in Russia was introduced by the Military Charter of 1716 : "This order should be given to crowned heads and great wielding princes , and especially to those who have an army." Received it [25] :
- May 12, 1727 - Prince A.D. Menshikov (disbarred on September 9, 1727),
- November 11, 1740 - Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick (disbarred on December 6, 1741),
- October 28, 1799 - Prince A.V. Suvorov .
A. G. Brikner considers the first Russian generalissimo of Prince Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky [27] . Patrick Gordon , one of the leaders of the second Azov campaign (1696), even calls the date of election of Prince Cherkassky’s generalissimo - December 14, 1695 [28] .
Of the above persons, only A.V. Suvorov received the title of Generalissimo as recognition of his brilliant military victories [29] (the battle of Rymnik , the capture of Ishmael , the battles of the Swiss campaign and others). He was the prince of the Sardinian kingdom , the count and prince of the Russian Empire , the count of the Holy Roman Empire and the commander-in-chief of the Russian, Austrian and Sardinian troops.
After the Great Patriotic War on June 26, 1945, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , the highest military rank was introduced - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union [30] , which was given on June 27, 1945 to JV Stalin .
In the Russian Federation, this military rank is not provided by law .
Sweden
- King Charles X Gustav [31] (1622–1660)
- pfalzgraf Pfalz-Kleburgsky Adolf Johann I [32] (1629-1689)
- King Fredrik I [33] (1676-1751)
- King Adolph Fredrik [34] (1710–1771)
- King Charles XIV Johan [35] (1763-1844)
Spain
- Juan of Austria [36] (1547–1578)
- Prince Louis Conde [37] (1621–1686)
- Prince Manuel Godoy [38] (1767-1851)
- Francisco Mina [39] (1781–1836)
- Francisco Franco [40] (1892–1975)
- Jose Miach [41] (1878-1958)
Mexico
- Miguel Hidalgo [42] (1753–1811)
- Ignacio Allende [43] (1769-1811)
- Jose Morelos [44] (1765-1815)
- Emperor Agustin I (Iturbide) [45] (1783—1824)
- Antonio Santa Anna [46] (1794–1876)
Japanese Empire
In the Japanese Empire, the title of generalissimo was worn by the head of state [47] .
- Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
- Emperor Yoshihito (1879–1926)
- Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)
China
- Emperor Yuan Shikai [48] (1859–1916)
- Sun Yat-sen [49] (1866–1925)
- Tang Ziao [50] (1882–1927)
- Hu Hanming [51] (1879–1936)
- Zhang Jolin [52] (1875–1928)
- Chiang Kai-shek [53] (1887–1975)
Other Generalissimuses
- King Frederick III [54] (1609–1670) ( Denmark )
- Duke Arthur Wellington [55] (1769-1852) ( Netherlands )
- Prince of Prussia Heinrich [56] (1726-1802) ( Prussia )
- Prince Karl Wrede [57] (1767–1838) ( Bavaria )
- Francesco Morosini [58] (1619-1694) ( Venice )
- Pascal Paoli [59] (1725–1807) ( Corsica )
- Prince Jerzy Ossolinsky [60] (1595–1650) ( Rzeczpospolita )
- Tadeusz Kosciuszko [61] (1746-1817) - wore this rank from March to October 1794 (during the uprising of 1794) ( Rzeczpospolita ).
- Juan Berbeo [62] (1739-1795) ( Colombia )
- Francisco Miranda [63] (1750–1816) ( Venezuela )
- Jose San Martin [64] (1778–1850) ( Peru )
- Maksimo Gomez [65] (1836–1905) ( Cuba )
- Augusto Sandino [66] (1895–1934) ( Nicaragua )
- Rafael Trujillo [67] (1891–1961) ( Dominican Republic )
- Hector Trujillo [68] (1908–2002) ( Dominican Republic )
- Deodoro Fonseca [69] (1827–1892) ( Brazil )
- Emilio Aguinaldo [70] (1869–1964) ( Philippines )
- Kim Il Sung [71] (1912–1994) ( DPRK )
- Kim Jong Il [72] (1941–2011) ( North Korea ) - posthumously
- It was installed in the Armed Forces of the CRI , but was not appropriated.
Korean Empire
- Emperor Kojon (1897-1907)
- Emperor Sunjon (1907–1910)
Papal States
- Duke Cesare Borgia (1474–1507)
Images
The project of the episode of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
Shoulder Strap Generalissimo of China (The title was not awarded)
Shoulder Strap Generalissimo of the Japanese Empire
Shoulder Strap Generalissimo DPRK
Shoulder Strap Generalissimo of the Korean Empire
See also
- Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
- Generalissimo PRC
- Generalissimo of the DPRK
- Chief Marshal of France
- Reichsmarschall
- First Marshal of the Empire
- Army General
- General special class
Notes
- ↑ Kalinovsky O.N., Kulikov V.A. The Generalissimuses of the World (or, once again, on the rating of commanders) // Military Thought. - 2004. - № 9. - p. 73-74.
- 2 1 2 3 Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. Vol. 8. - P. , 1872. - P. 1135.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TSB . - T. 6. - M. , 1971. - p. 219.
- ↑ Soviet military encyclopedia. - T. 7. - M. , 1980. - p. 130.
- Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 6. - SPb. , 1892. - p. 314.
- ↑ Desktop dictionary for references in all branches of knowledge (Reference encyclopedic lexicon) / Ed. F. Toll. - SPb. , 1864. - T. 2. - p. 394.
- ↑ Cardinal de Retz . Memoirs. - M. , 1997. - p. 118.
- ↑ World History in 10 volumes. - V. 5. - M. , 1958. - p. 126.
- ↑ Middle Ages: Sat. № 3 / Ed. ed. E. A. Kosminsky. - M. , 1951. - p. 19.
- ↑ Encyclopedic lexicon A. Plushara. - T. 10. - SPb. , 1837. - p. 133.
- ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 2. - P. , 1867. - P. 1131.
- ↑ Minister Plenipotentiary in Paris I. M. Simolin - Vice-Chancellor Count I. A. Osterman // International relations in the initial period of the French Revolution (1789): Collection of documents from the Archives of Russian Foreign Policy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Ed. ed. A. L. Narochnitsky. - M. , 1989. - p. 281.
- ↑ Matez A. The French Revolution. - R. n / a. , 1995. - p. 264.
- ↑ Matez A. The French Revolution. - R. n / a. , 1995. - p. 364.
- ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 7. - P. , 1870. - P. 294.
- ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 10. - P. , 1873. - P. 206.
- ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 1. - P. , 1866. - P. 380.
- Б Small encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 4 (extra). - SPb. , 1901. - p. 1489.
- Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 35-A. - SPb. , 1902. - p. 570.
- ↑ Wedgwood S. V. The Thirty Years' War. - M. , 2012. - p. 539.
- ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 10. - P. , 1873. - P. 686.
- ↑ Schindling, A., Ziegler, V. Kaiser. - R. n / a. , 1997. - p. 229.
- ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 10. - P. , 1873. - P. 248.
- ↑ Handbuch für Heer und Flotte. Enzyklopädie der Kriegswissenschaften und verwandten Gebieten. / Herausgegeben von G. Alten. - Bd. 5. - B. , 1913.
- ↑ 1 2 Soviet military encyclopedia. - T. 2. - M. , 1979. - p. 508.
- ↑ Rogoza V. How many generalissimos were in Russia?
- ↑ Brikner A. G. The Illustrated Book of Peter the Great. - T. 1. - SPb. , 1902. - pp. 155-156.
- ↑ Brickner A.G. Patrick Gordon and his diary. - SPb. , 1878. - p. 94.
- ↑ Emperor Pavel I in his rescript about conferring this military rank to A. V. Suvorov: other centuries.
- ↑ Collection of Laws of the USSR and Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1938 - July 1956) / Comp.: M. I. Yumashev, B. A. Zhaleyko. - M. , 1956. - p. 202.
- ↑ Soviet historical encyclopedia. - T. 7. - M. , 1965. - p. 47.
- ↑ Gordon P. Diary 1635-1659. - M. , 2001. - p. 196.
- ↑ Youth of Power: Sat. / Comp. V.P. Naumov. - M. , 2000. - p. 361.
- ↑ Fedorchenko V. I. The House of the Romanovs: Encyclopedia of Biographies. - Krasnoyarsk - M. , 2003. - p. 62.
- ↑ Grigoriev B.N. Bernadot. - M .: Veche, 2013. - p. 223.
- ↑ Historical dictionary. - Part 6. - M. , 1791. - p. 23.
- ↑ Richelieu A. Political testament, or Principles of government. - M. , 2008. - p. 440.
- ↑ TSB. - T. 7. - M. , 1972. - p. 9.
- ↑ Zalessky KA. Napoleonic Wars 1799–1815: Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. - M. , 2003. - p. 154.
- ↑ Soviet historical encyclopedia. - T. 15. - M. , 1974. - p. 263.
- ↑ Danilov S. Yu. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). - M. , 2004. - p. 274.
- ↑ Latin America. Encyclopedic reference. - T. 1. - M. , 1979. - p. 510.
- ↑ Latin America. Encyclopedic reference. - T. 1. - M. , 1979. - p. 233.
- ↑ TSB. - V. 16. - M. , 1974. - S. 573.
- ↑ Alperovich MS. Birth of the Mexican State. - M. , 1979. - p. 122.
- Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 28-A. - SPb. , 1900. - p. 356.
- Ene Keene D. Emperor of Japan, Meiji and his World, 1852–1912. - N. Y. , 2005.
- ↑ New history of China / Ed. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. - M. , 1972. - p. 531.
- ↑ New history of China / Ed. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. - M. , 1972. - p. 564.
- ↑ Kartunova A.I.V.K. Blucher in China. 1924-1927: Documented essay. / Documents. - Ed. 2nd, add. - M. , 1979. - p. 158.
- ↑ TSB (1st ed.). - T. 60. - M. , 1934. - p. 292.
- ↑ Encyclopedic dictionary Pomegranate. - T. 48. - M. , 1925. - p. 571.
- ↑ TSB. - T. 29. - M. , 1978. - p. 18.
- ↑ Illustrated Encyclopedia "Russian". Story. XVI — XVIII centuries. / Prev scientific - ed. Council A. O. Chubaryan. - M. , 2004. - p. 544.
- ↑ Frolov B.P. (with the participation of V. Zolotariev) The Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-1814. - M. , 2011. - p. 1221.
- ↑ Nenakhov Yu. Yu. Wars and campaigns of Frederick the Great. - Mn. , 2002. - p. 570.
- ↑ Shishov A.V. The Order of St. George. All about the most honorable award of the Russian Empire. - M. , 2013. - p. 706.
- ↑ Historical dictionary. - Part 9. - M. , 1792. - p. 381.
- Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 22-A. - SPb. , 1897. - p. 715.
- ↑ V. Golobutsky. Diplomatic history of the liberation war of the Ukrainian people in 1648-1654. - K. , 1962. - p. 201.
- ↑ http://yandex.by/clck/jsredir?bu=zl0&from=yandex.by%3Bsearch%2F%3Bweb%3B%3B&text=&etext=1968.mbtLUTEOy4iNLAIojqanNRvqqrRsdoqHaQ4tF2st1nEi0yWJLj_6Fp0XDi3G08SPPG6V7HJP5bygqJBPee7a71r-WoOpDb_AHBAsk56fTys.c14a94d2dcf948257e06b50f4586b8441ee9722a&uuid=&state=PEtFfuTeVD4jaxywoSUvtB2i7c0_vxGd2E9eR729KuIQGpPxcKWQSHSdfi63Is_-DnbKz8oeZi1XmPXrty7Ff3H3NXqv1CQ5&&cst=AiuY0DBWFJ5Hyx_fyvalFNG1Pc7CEYnDKbhjNweN3vvXtLO5-NfJD8UU6AIzmeyoFnXNFC0hyxZwl98cuzqS6x1jyzpQGh6QqFxdnf6zO -nqqkJqikB2CV2_jzHgXBHTECZYJ09GaliQlOpdBW9fEwXo-SFAm8BRjww0FBHkE2m8bq2ubQpaul1lKK2wMtdr15oeGr4Jx5ijkKdZ1eNSZTbTJzfV9OdVdAfwP3uumH1BuXWFwD8bUg ,, & data = UlNrNmk5WktYejY4cHFySjRXSWhXT3dnRGdSN002d3ZqUGxHNHJYNE0xQnd1NjFWQzY1cTVueUZ2WFJOd0kyYy1BLUNqdEQ0N21vMWJ3QkE3YTc4eXVjZmh4eVB3VFU1UlVQbnZQNmdqVDByb0JydTV3cG8zTWRkTXMyUS1PbGc3bTdrZlUzamRnRGJsY2Z4XzNKQ2FxUHp5dmtNMTEyNGFVMTNsT1RoNmozVDl4NW5KdllOemZveTAtQThPSVRj & sign = 46b8f6b324b98c880af930ef88151dd6 & keyno = 0 & b64e = 2 & ref = orjY4mGPRjkHVRqRT7scnl9k3ZfzgjFjvYJBVQ4XUkrI41yInuKdc7DsDgqz0qnOsCb50UM7 qMXlFydlV_hwnO0_EU1X4ZdP4EJeqnSqfSMDJdhw_zY8nSXkBgnRnRxeOiC4nvYc40FkS0r0OGMqA35zjcQk6LyN6cK_A6f0gN7rqHXyXZOBk1ol1Hh0M14Bz7qFfZvc0sbI_DUMM_uupKpIlqk79DcwJ3VMvMYe1z9oRfPzmSMMvzZCSUvc_u8WxVrVHv0UrYC0exbg0K1pZGV7exSkPQZ_1JBCvGOvGDyMZ5gF4ImW_oTkAu9B5JcOumVNzYVEkdsvUas9IQpTTQ ,, & l10n = ru & rp = 1 & cts = 1542010061046 & mc = 5.100337247584539 & hdtime = 685558.995
- ↑ Ilina N. G. Colombia: from the colony to independence. 1781-1819 - M. , 1976. - p. 92.
- ↑ TSB. - V. 16. - M. , 1974. - S. 312.
- Рова Petrova A. A. Military campaigns of 1810–1826. in Spanish America: the Peruvian campaign of José de San Martin // Proceedings of the Department of the History of the New and Modern Times. - № 11 / Comp. T.N. Goncharova. - SPb. , 2013. - p. 101.
- ↑ Jimenez A.N. In a campaign with Fidel. 1959. - M. , 1984. - p. 20.
- ↑ Platoshkin N. N. Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua. Prehistory and consequences. - M. , 2015. - p. 189.
- ↑ Gonionsky S. A. Essays on the Newest History of Latin American Countries. - M. , 1964. - p. 170.
- ↑ N. Platoshkin. US Intervention in the 1965 Dominican Republic. - M. , 2013. - p. 174.
- ↑ Roche Pombu F. History of Brazil. - M. , 1962. - p. 419.
- ↑ Report of Menan to E. I. Alekseev on the military actions of the Spanish troops against the rebels in the Philippines // Politics of the capitalist powers and the national liberation movement in Southeast Asia (1871-1917): Documents and materials. - Part 1 / Comp .: A.G. Tartakovsky and others. - M. , 1965. - P. 310.
- ↑ Balkan A. Kim Il Sung. - M. , 2011. - p. 211.
- ↑ Denisov V. According to the precepts of his grandfather and father. North Korea under the rule of Kim Jong-un // Russia in global politics. - V. 13. - Special issue. May - June 2015. - p. 160.
Literature
- Generalissimuses / Auto-comp. A. V. Veko. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - Mn. : Literature, 1998. - 752 p. - (Encyclopedia of military art).
- Egorshin V.A. Generalissimi. - M .: Patriot, 1994. - 368 p.
- Temirbulatov-Khatuyev R.T., Urusov K.S.-B. Generalissimos of the world. A brief biographical dictionary. - Cherkessk: Karachay-Cherkess Institute for Humanitarian Studies, 1996. - 104 p. - (Military Thought) [2nd ed .: Stavropol: Stavropol Regional Printing House, 2004. - 126 p. - (Military thought)].
- F. H. Urazov, Yu. A. Chernetsov. Generalissimuses of the World of the 16th — 20th Centuries. Historical portraits. - Ufa: Kitap, 1993. - 352 p.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). - T. 1-30. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 1-17. - P .: Librairie classique Larousse et Boyer, 1866–1888.
- Generalissimo // Soviet military encyclopedia. - V. 2 (Babylon - Civil) / Prev. Ch. ed. com N.V. Ogarkov. - M .: Military Publishing, 1979. - p. 508.
- Kalinovsky O.N., Kulikov V.A. The Generalissimuses of the World (or Once Again on the Rating of Commanders) // Military Thought. - 2004. - № 9. - pp. 72-75.