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Generalissimo

One of the most famous generalissimos - Albrecht von Wallenstein

Generalissimus (from the Latin. Generalissimus - "most important") - the highest military rank ( military position , honorary military title ) in France , the British Empire , the Holy Roman Empire , the Austrian Empire , the Russian Empire , the USSR , Sweden , Spain , Mexico , China , Japan , the DPRK and other countries. Historically, this term was used to designate the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the army commander of a state or several states that are in a military alliance (more often only for a period of war ).

History

At different times in individual states, the term “Generalissimo” was used in several meanings that relate to the sphere of military activity [1] . In France of the 16th — 19th centuries, it was an honorary military title that was granted to persons of the ruling dynasties and the most prominent statesmen. In the Holy Roman Empire , the Austrian Empire and England - the post of commander of the army during the war or the commander in chief of all the troops of the state. In Russia of the XVIII — XX centuries and Spain of the XIX — XX centuries - the highest military rank conferred for life.

For the first time the title of generalissimo, separated from the post of constable , was granted in 1569 in France by King Charles IX to his brother, Duke of Anjou (later to King Henry III ) [2] . Currently, holders of titles, titles and positions of "Generalissimo" are absent.

List of Generalissimos by Country

France

  • King Henry III [3] (1551–1589)
  • Duke Heinrich Guise [3] (1550-1588)
  • Duke Armand de Richelieu [4] (1585–1642)
  • Duke of the Duchy of Savoy, Victor Amadeus I [5] (1587-1637)
  • Prince Carignano Thomas [6] (1595–1656)
  • Prince Louis Conde [3] (1621–1686)
  • Prince Armand Conti [7] (1629–1666)
  • Antoine Ruhr [8] (? —1670)
  • Duke of Orleans Philip [2] (1640-1701)
  • Pierre Laporte (Roland) [9] (1680-1704)
  • King of the Sardinian Kingdom Victor Amadeus II [10] (1666-1732)
  • Duke of Burgundy Louis [11] (1682-1712)
  • Duke Claude Villars [3] (1653—1734)
  • Duke Louis Richelieu [3] (1696-1788)
  • Duke Victor Broglie [12] (1718-1804)
  • Nicolas Luckner [13] (1722–1794)
  • Jacques Katelino [14] (1759–1793)
  • Maurice d'Elbe [15] (1752-1794)
  • Henri Larochejaklen [16] (1772-1794)
  • Duke of Angouleme Louis [17] (1775–1844)

British Empire

  • Duke John Marlborough (Churchill) (1650-1722)

Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Empire

  • Prince Albrecht Wallenstein [3] (1583–1634)
  • Count Johann Tilly [18] (1559–1632)
  • Emperor Ferdinand III [19] (1608-1657)
  • Count Peter Melander [20] (1589–1648)
  • Duke Raimund Montekukkoli [3] (1609–1680)
  • Duke of Lorraine Charles [21] (1643–1690)
  • Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II [2] (1662–1726)
  • Prince Eugene of Savoy [3] (1663–1736)
  • Margrave of Baden-Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm [22] (1655-1707)
  • Prince Leopold Down [3] (1705–1766)
  • Baron Ernst Loudon [23] (1717-1790)
  • Archduke Karl of Austria [3] (1771–1847)
  • Prince Karl Schwarzenberg [3] (1771-1819)
  • Prince Alfred of Windischgrätz [24] (1787–1862)

Russia

 
Generalissimo Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniki, Prince of Italica

In Russia, the title “Generalissimo” [25] was granted for the first time on June 28, 1696 by Peter I to commander AS Shein for successful operations near Azov [3] (however , F.Y. Romodanovsky and I.I. appropriated 2 years earlier, in 1694 [26] ). Officially, the military rank of generalissimo in Russia was introduced by the Military Charter of 1716 : "This order should be given to crowned heads and great wielding princes , and especially to those who have an army." Received it [25] :

  • May 12, 1727 - Prince A.D. Menshikov (disbarred on September 9, 1727),
  • November 11, 1740 - Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick (disbarred on December 6, 1741),
  • October 28, 1799 - Prince A.V. Suvorov .

A. G. Brikner considers the first Russian generalissimo of Prince Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky [27] . Patrick Gordon , one of the leaders of the second Azov campaign (1696), even calls the date of election of Prince Cherkassky’s generalissimo - December 14, 1695 [28] .

Of the above persons, only A.V. Suvorov received the title of Generalissimo as recognition of his brilliant military victories [29] (the battle of Rymnik , the capture of Ishmael , the battles of the Swiss campaign and others). He was the prince of the Sardinian kingdom , the count and prince of the Russian Empire , the count of the Holy Roman Empire and the commander-in-chief of the Russian, Austrian and Sardinian troops.

After the Great Patriotic War on June 26, 1945, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , the highest military rank was introduced - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union [30] , which was given on June 27, 1945 to JV Stalin .

In the Russian Federation, this military rank is not provided by law .

Sweden

  • King Charles X Gustav [31] (1622–1660)
  • pfalzgraf Pfalz-Kleburgsky Adolf Johann I [32] (1629-1689)
  • King Fredrik I [33] (1676-1751)
  • King Adolph Fredrik [34] (1710–1771)
  • King Charles XIV Johan [35] (1763-1844)

Spain

  • Juan of Austria [36] (1547–1578)
  • Prince Louis Conde [37] (1621–1686)
  • Prince Manuel Godoy [38] (1767-1851)
  • Francisco Mina [39] (1781–1836)
  • Francisco Franco [40] (1892–1975)
  • Jose Miach [41] (1878-1958)

Mexico

  • Miguel Hidalgo [42] (1753–1811)
  • Ignacio Allende [43] (1769-1811)
  • Jose Morelos [44] (1765-1815)
  • Emperor Agustin I (Iturbide) [45] (1783—1824)
  • Antonio Santa Anna [46] (1794–1876)

Japanese Empire

In the Japanese Empire, the title of generalissimo was worn by the head of state [47] .

  • Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
  • Emperor Yoshihito (1879–1926)
  • Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)

China

  • Emperor Yuan Shikai [48] (1859–1916)
  • Sun Yat-sen [49] (1866–1925)
  • Tang Ziao [50] (1882–1927)
  • Hu Hanming [51] (1879–1936)
  • Zhang Jolin [52] (1875–1928)
  • Chiang Kai-shek [53] (1887–1975)

Other Generalissimuses

  • King Frederick III [54] (1609–1670) ( Denmark )
  • Duke Arthur Wellington [55] (1769-1852) ( Netherlands )
  • Prince of Prussia Heinrich [56] (1726-1802) ( Prussia )
  • Prince Karl Wrede [57] (1767–1838) ( Bavaria )
  • Francesco Morosini [58] (1619-1694) ( Venice )
  • Pascal Paoli [59] (1725–1807) ( Corsica )
  • Prince Jerzy Ossolinsky [60] (1595–1650) ( Rzeczpospolita )
  • Tadeusz Kosciuszko [61] (1746-1817) - wore this rank from March to October 1794 (during the uprising of 1794) ( Rzeczpospolita ).
  • Juan Berbeo [62] (1739-1795) ( Colombia )
  • Francisco Miranda [63] (1750–1816) ( Venezuela )
  • Jose San Martin [64] (1778–1850) ( Peru )
  • Maksimo Gomez [65] (1836–1905) ( Cuba )
  • Augusto Sandino [66] (1895–1934) ( Nicaragua )
  • Rafael Trujillo [67] (1891–1961) ( Dominican Republic )
  • Hector Trujillo [68] (1908–2002) ( Dominican Republic )
  • Deodoro Fonseca [69] (1827–1892) ( Brazil )
  • Emilio Aguinaldo [70] (1869–1964) ( Philippines )
  • Kim Il Sung [71] (1912–1994) ( DPRK )
  • Kim Jong Il [72] (1941–2011) ( North Korea ) - posthumously
  • It was installed in the Armed Forces of the CRI , but was not appropriated.

Korean Empire

  • Emperor Kojon (1897-1907)
  • Emperor Sunjon (1907–1910)

Papal States

  • Duke Cesare Borgia (1474–1507)

Images

  •  

    The project of the episode of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union

  •  

    Shoulder Strap Generalissimo of China (The title was not awarded)

  •  

    Shoulder Strap Generalissimo of the Japanese Empire

  •  

    Shoulder Strap Generalissimo DPRK

  •  

    Shoulder Strap Generalissimo of the Korean Empire

See also

  • Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
  • Generalissimo PRC
  • Generalissimo of the DPRK
  • Chief Marshal of France
  • Reichsmarschall
  • First Marshal of the Empire
  • Army General
  • General special class

Notes

  1. ↑ Kalinovsky O.N., Kulikov V.A. The Generalissimuses of the World (or, once again, on the rating of commanders) // Military Thought. - 2004. - № 9. - p. 73-74.
  2. 2 1 2 3 Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. Vol. 8. - P. , 1872. - P. 1135.
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TSB . - T. 6. - M. , 1971. - p. 219.
  4. ↑ Soviet military encyclopedia. - T. 7. - M. , 1980. - p. 130.
  5. Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 6. - SPb. , 1892. - p. 314.
  6. ↑ Desktop dictionary for references in all branches of knowledge (Reference encyclopedic lexicon) / Ed. F. Toll. - SPb. , 1864. - T. 2. - p. 394.
  7. ↑ Cardinal de Retz . Memoirs. - M. , 1997. - p. 118.
  8. ↑ World History in 10 volumes. - V. 5. - M. , 1958. - p. 126.
  9. ↑ Middle Ages: Sat. № 3 / Ed. ed. E. A. Kosminsky. - M. , 1951. - p. 19.
  10. ↑ Encyclopedic lexicon A. Plushara. - T. 10. - SPb. , 1837. - p. 133.
  11. ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 2. - P. , 1867. - P. 1131.
  12. ↑ Minister Plenipotentiary in Paris I. M. Simolin - Vice-Chancellor Count I. A. Osterman // International relations in the initial period of the French Revolution (1789): Collection of documents from the Archives of Russian Foreign Policy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Ed. ed. A. L. Narochnitsky. - M. , 1989. - p. 281.
  13. ↑ Matez A. The French Revolution. - R. n / a. , 1995. - p. 264.
  14. ↑ Matez A. The French Revolution. - R. n / a. , 1995. - p. 364.
  15. ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 7. - P. , 1870. - P. 294.
  16. ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 10. - P. , 1873. - P. 206.
  17. ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 1. - P. , 1866. - P. 380.
  18. Б Small encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 4 (extra). - SPb. , 1901. - p. 1489.
  19. Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 35-A. - SPb. , 1902. - p. 570.
  20. ↑ Wedgwood S. V. The Thirty Years' War. - M. , 2012. - p. 539.
  21. ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 10. - P. , 1873. - P. 686.
  22. ↑ Schindling, A., Ziegler, V. Kaiser. - R. n / a. , 1997. - p. 229.
  23. ↑ Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 10. - P. , 1873. - P. 248.
  24. ↑ Handbuch für Heer und Flotte. Enzyklopädie der Kriegswissenschaften und verwandten Gebieten. / Herausgegeben von G. Alten. - Bd. 5. - B. , 1913.
  25. ↑ 1 2 Soviet military encyclopedia. - T. 2. - M. , 1979. - p. 508.
  26. ↑ Rogoza V. How many generalissimos were in Russia?
  27. ↑ Brikner A. G. The Illustrated Book of Peter the Great. - T. 1. - SPb. , 1902. - pp. 155-156.
  28. ↑ Brickner A.G. Patrick Gordon and his diary. - SPb. , 1878. - p. 94.
  29. ↑ Emperor Pavel I in his rescript about conferring this military rank to A. V. Suvorov: other centuries.
  30. ↑ Collection of Laws of the USSR and Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1938 - July 1956) / Comp.: M. I. Yumashev, B. A. Zhaleyko. - M. , 1956. - p. 202.
  31. ↑ Soviet historical encyclopedia. - T. 7. - M. , 1965. - p. 47.
  32. ↑ Gordon P. Diary 1635-1659. - M. , 2001. - p. 196.
  33. ↑ Youth of Power: Sat. / Comp. V.P. Naumov. - M. , 2000. - p. 361.
  34. ↑ Fedorchenko V. I. The House of the Romanovs: Encyclopedia of Biographies. - Krasnoyarsk - M. , 2003. - p. 62.
  35. ↑ Grigoriev B.N. Bernadot. - M .: Veche, 2013. - p. 223.
  36. ↑ Historical dictionary. - Part 6. - M. , 1791. - p. 23.
  37. ↑ Richelieu A. Political testament, or Principles of government. - M. , 2008. - p. 440.
  38. ↑ TSB. - T. 7. - M. , 1972. - p. 9.
  39. ↑ Zalessky KA. Napoleonic Wars 1799–1815: Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. - M. , 2003. - p. 154.
  40. ↑ Soviet historical encyclopedia. - T. 15. - M. , 1974. - p. 263.
  41. ↑ Danilov S. Yu. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). - M. , 2004. - p. 274.
  42. ↑ Latin America. Encyclopedic reference. - T. 1. - M. , 1979. - p. 510.
  43. ↑ Latin America. Encyclopedic reference. - T. 1. - M. , 1979. - p. 233.
  44. ↑ TSB. - V. 16. - M. , 1974. - S. 573.
  45. ↑ Alperovich MS. Birth of the Mexican State. - M. , 1979. - p. 122.
  46. Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 28-A. - SPb. , 1900. - p. 356.
  47. Ene Keene D. Emperor of Japan, Meiji and his World, 1852–1912. - N. Y. , 2005.
  48. ↑ New history of China / Ed. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. - M. , 1972. - p. 531.
  49. ↑ New history of China / Ed. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. - M. , 1972. - p. 564.
  50. ↑ Kartunova A.I.V.K. Blucher in China. 1924-1927: Documented essay. / Documents. - Ed. 2nd, add. - M. , 1979. - p. 158.
  51. ↑ TSB (1st ed.). - T. 60. - M. , 1934. - p. 292.
  52. ↑ Encyclopedic dictionary Pomegranate. - T. 48. - M. , 1925. - p. 571.
  53. ↑ TSB. - T. 29. - M. , 1978. - p. 18.
  54. ↑ Illustrated Encyclopedia "Russian". Story. XVI — XVIII centuries. / Prev scientific - ed. Council A. O. Chubaryan. - M. , 2004. - p. 544.
  55. ↑ Frolov B.P. (with the participation of V. Zolotariev) The Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-1814. - M. , 2011. - p. 1221.
  56. ↑ Nenakhov Yu. Yu. Wars and campaigns of Frederick the Great. - Mn. , 2002. - p. 570.
  57. ↑ Shishov A.V. The Order of St. George. All about the most honorable award of the Russian Empire. - M. , 2013. - p. 706.
  58. ↑ Historical dictionary. - Part 9. - M. , 1792. - p. 381.
  59. Б Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. - T. 22-A. - SPb. , 1897. - p. 715.
  60. ↑ V. Golobutsky. Diplomatic history of the liberation war of the Ukrainian people in 1648-1654. - K. , 1962. - p. 201.
  61. ↑ http://yandex.by/clck/jsredir?bu=zl0&from=yandex.by%3Bsearch%2F%3Bweb%3B%3B&text=&etext=1968.mbtLUTEOy4iNLAIojqanNRvqqrRsdoqHaQ4tF2st1nEi0yWJLj_6Fp0XDi3G08SPPG6V7HJP5bygqJBPee7a71r-WoOpDb_AHBAsk56fTys.c14a94d2dcf948257e06b50f4586b8441ee9722a&uuid=&state=PEtFfuTeVD4jaxywoSUvtB2i7c0_vxGd2E9eR729KuIQGpPxcKWQSHSdfi63Is_-DnbKz8oeZi1XmPXrty7Ff3H3NXqv1CQ5&&cst=AiuY0DBWFJ5Hyx_fyvalFNG1Pc7CEYnDKbhjNweN3vvXtLO5-NfJD8UU6AIzmeyoFnXNFC0hyxZwl98cuzqS6x1jyzpQGh6QqFxdnf6zO -nqqkJqikB2CV2_jzHgXBHTECZYJ09GaliQlOpdBW9fEwXo-SFAm8BRjww0FBHkE2m8bq2ubQpaul1lKK2wMtdr15oeGr4Jx5ijkKdZ1eNSZTbTJzfV9OdVdAfwP3uumH1BuXWFwD8bUg ,, & data = UlNrNmk5WktYejY4cHFySjRXSWhXT3dnRGdSN002d3ZqUGxHNHJYNE0xQnd1NjFWQzY1cTVueUZ2WFJOd0kyYy1BLUNqdEQ0N21vMWJ3QkE3YTc4eXVjZmh4eVB3VFU1UlVQbnZQNmdqVDByb0JydTV3cG8zTWRkTXMyUS1PbGc3bTdrZlUzamRnRGJsY2Z4XzNKQ2FxUHp5dmtNMTEyNGFVMTNsT1RoNmozVDl4NW5KdllOemZveTAtQThPSVRj & sign = 46b8f6b324b98c880af930ef88151dd6 & keyno = 0 & b64e = 2 & ref = orjY4mGPRjkHVRqRT7scnl9k3ZfzgjFjvYJBVQ4XUkrI41yInuKdc7DsDgqz0qnOsCb50UM7 qMXlFydlV_hwnO0_EU1X4ZdP4EJeqnSqfSMDJdhw_zY8nSXkBgnRnRxeOiC4nvYc40FkS0r0OGMqA35zjcQk6LyN6cK_A6f0gN7rqHXyXZOBk1ol1Hh0M14Bz7qFfZvc0sbI_DUMM_uupKpIlqk79DcwJ3VMvMYe1z9oRfPzmSMMvzZCSUvc_u8WxVrVHv0UrYC0exbg0K1pZGV7exSkPQZ_1JBCvGOvGDyMZ5gF4ImW_oTkAu9B5JcOumVNzYVEkdsvUas9IQpTTQ ,, & l10n = ru & rp = 1 & cts = 1542010061046 & mc = 5.100337247584539 & hdtime = 685558.995
  62. ↑ Ilina N. G. Colombia: from the colony to independence. 1781-1819 - M. , 1976. - p. 92.
  63. ↑ TSB. - V. 16. - M. , 1974. - S. 312.
  64. Рова Petrova A. A. Military campaigns of 1810–1826. in Spanish America: the Peruvian campaign of José de San Martin // Proceedings of the Department of the History of the New and Modern Times. - № 11 / Comp. T.N. Goncharova. - SPb. , 2013. - p. 101.
  65. ↑ Jimenez A.N. In a campaign with Fidel. 1959. - M. , 1984. - p. 20.
  66. ↑ Platoshkin N. N. Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua. Prehistory and consequences. - M. , 2015. - p. 189.
  67. ↑ Gonionsky S. A. Essays on the Newest History of Latin American Countries. - M. , 1964. - p. 170.
  68. ↑ N. Platoshkin. US Intervention in the 1965 Dominican Republic. - M. , 2013. - p. 174.
  69. ↑ Roche Pombu F. History of Brazil. - M. , 1962. - p. 419.
  70. ↑ Report of Menan to E. I. Alekseev on the military actions of the Spanish troops against the rebels in the Philippines // Politics of the capitalist powers and the national liberation movement in Southeast Asia (1871-1917): Documents and materials. - Part 1 / Comp .: A.G. Tartakovsky and others. - M. , 1965. - P. 310.
  71. ↑ Balkan A. Kim Il Sung. - M. , 2011. - p. 211.
  72. ↑ Denisov V. According to the precepts of his grandfather and father. North Korea under the rule of Kim Jong-un // Russia in global politics. - V. 13. - Special issue. May - June 2015. - p. 160.

Literature

  • Generalissimuses / Auto-comp. A. V. Veko. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - Mn. : Literature, 1998. - 752 p. - (Encyclopedia of military art).
  • Egorshin V.A. Generalissimi. - M .: Patriot, 1994. - 368 p.
  • Temirbulatov-Khatuyev R.T., Urusov K.S.-B. Generalissimos of the world. A brief biographical dictionary. - Cherkessk: Karachay-Cherkess Institute for Humanitarian Studies, 1996. - 104 p. - (Military Thought) [2nd ed .: Stavropol: Stavropol Regional Printing House, 2004. - 126 p. - (Military thought)].
  • F. H. Urazov, Yu. A. Chernetsov. Generalissimuses of the World of the 16th — 20th Centuries. Historical portraits. - Ufa: Kitap, 1993. - 352 p.
  • Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). - T. 1-30. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
  • Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. - Vol. 1-17. - P .: Librairie classique Larousse et Boyer, 1866–1888.
  • Generalissimo // Soviet military encyclopedia. - V. 2 (Babylon - Civil) / Prev. Ch. ed. com N.V. Ogarkov. - M .: Military Publishing, 1979. - p. 508.
  • Kalinovsky O.N., Kulikov V.A. The Generalissimuses of the World (or Once Again on the Rating of Commanders) // Military Thought. - 2004. - № 9. - pp. 72-75.

Links

  • Generalissimo USSR .
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generalissimus&oldid=101009039


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