Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid , abbr. GHB , also 4-hydroxybutanoic acid - an organic compound , a natural hydroxy acid , which plays an important role in the central nervous system of a person, as well as found in wine, citrus fruits and others. Gamma hydroxybutyric acid can be used as an anesthetic and sedative , but in many countries it is outlawed.
| γ-hydroxybutyric acid [1] | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Are common | |
| Systematic name | 4-hydroxybutanoic acid |
| Abbreviations | GHB |
| Traditional names | 4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyrate, γ-hydroxybutyric acid |
| Chem. formula | C 4 H 8 O 3 |
| Physical properties | |
| condition | liquid |
| Molar mass | 104.10 g / mol |
| Thermal properties | |
| T. melt. | 15-18 ° C |
| T. Kip. ' | 178-180 ° C, decomposes |
| Steam pressure | 0.13 mmHg Art. |
| Chemical properties | |
| pK a | 4.71 |
| Classification | |
| Reg. CAS number | 591-81-1 |
| PubChem | |
| Reg. EINECS number | |
| Smiles | |
| Inchi | |
| Chebi | |
| ChemSpider | |
Content
Physico-chemical properties
GHB is a colorless, odorless liquid.
Getting
The starting reagent for producing gamma-hydroxybutyric acid is its anhydride , gamma-butyrolactone (GBL).
Application
It is used in medicine as a sedative and nootropic in the form of sodium oxybutyrate .
There is also a lithium preparation with the inclusion of GHB - lithium oxybutyrate .
Non-medical use
GHB is a depressant used as a psychoactive substance [2] . It is often used in the form of a salt - sodium oxybutyrate , other common options are potassium oxybutyrate and other salts of GHB, as well as GBL.
The effects of drinking are compared with the effects of alcohol and MDMA ( euphoria , disinhibition , hypersensitivity, empathogenic states), in large doses, GHB can cause nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, psychomotor agitation, visual disturbances, shortness of breath, amnesia, unconsciousness and death [3] . Deaths are usually associated with a combination of a substance with alcohol or other depressants. In particular, death due to vomiting in a state of deep sleep is possible [4] [5] . The effects of consumption usually last from one and a half to three hours [3] .
In small doses it is used as a stimulant by visitors to nightclubs [6] .
Sodium oxybutyrate is considered a drug used by rapists to target the victim [7] . It is very salty, but it does not have color and odor [8] , which is what the attackers who add the drug to drinks use.
Some athletes use sodium oxybutyrate and GBL, since scientific studies have shown that GHB increases the level of growth hormone in vivo [9] . It was shown, in particular, how GHB doubles hormone secretion in healthy young men [10] . Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are involved in this process, due to which the effect of an increase in hormone levels can be blocked by pirenzepine [11] .
Legal Status
In the Russian Federation, GHB is included in List III of the List of Narcotic Drugs (psychotropic substances, the circulation of which is limited and in respect of which the exclusion of certain control measures is allowed) [12] . In Finland, GHB has no drug status and is classified as a narcotic substance (since 2001) [13] .
Notes
- ↑ Properties of organic compounds. Handbook / Ed. A.A. Potekhin. - Leningrad: Chemistry, 1984. - S. 148-149. - 36,000 copies.
- ↑ Schep LJ, Knudsen K., Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Mégarbane B. The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol (English) // Clin Toxicol (Phila) : journal. - 2012 .-- July ( vol. 50 , no. 6 ). - P. 458-470 . - DOI : 10.3109 / 15563650.2012.702218 . - PMID 22746383 .
- ↑ 1 2 Galloway GP, Frederick-Osborne SL, Seymour R., Contini SE, Smith DE Abuse and therapeutic potential of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (Eng.) // Alcohol: journal. - 2000. - Vol. 20 , no. 3 . - P. 263-269 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0741-8329 (99) 00090-7 . - PMID 10869868 .
- ↑ Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and ethanol effects and interactions in humans. (Eng.) // J Clin Psychopharmacol : journal. - 2006 .-- October ( vol. 26 , no. 5 ). - P. 524-529 . - DOI : 10.1097 / 01.jcp.0000237944.57893.28 . - PMID 16974199 .
- ↑ The Vaults Of Erowid . Erowid.org (March 18, 2009). Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ↑ Klein, Mary; Kramer, Frances. Rave drugs: Pharmacological considerations (neopr.) // AANA Journal. - 2004. - T. 72 , No. 1 . - S. 61–67 . - PMID 15098519 .
- ↑ US Drug Enforcement Administration. GHB, GBL and 1,4BD as Date Rape Drugs . Date of treatment May 10, 2012. Archived May 10, 2012.
- ↑ Jones, C. Suspicious death related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity (2001) (Eng.) // Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine : journal. - 2001. - Vol. 8 , no. 2 . - P. 74-6 . - DOI : 10.1054 / jcfm.2001.0473 . - PMID 15274975 .
- ↑ Volpi, Riccardo; Chiodera, Paolo; Caffarra, Paolo; Scaglioni, Augusto; Saccani, Antonella; Coiro, Vittorio. Different control mechanisms of growth hormone (GH) secretion between γ-amino- and γ-hydroxy-butyric acid: neuroendocrine evidence in parkinson's disease (English) // Psychoneuroendocrinology : journal. - 1997. - Vol. 22 , no. 7 . - P. 531-538 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0306-4530 (97) 00055-3 .
- ↑ Van Cauter, E .; Plat, L .; Scharf, MB; Leproult, R .; Cespedes, S .; l'Hermite-Balériaux, M .; Copinschi, G. Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young Men (Eng.) // Journal of Clinical Investigation : journal. - 1997. - Vol. 100 , no. 3 . - P. 745-753 . - DOI : 10.1172 / JCI119587 . - PMID 9239423 .
- ↑ Volpi, R; Chiodera, Paolo; Caffarra, Paolo; Scaglioni, Augusto; Malvezzi, Laura; Saginario, Antonio; Coiro, Vittorio. Muscarinic cholinergic mediation of the GH response to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: neuroendocrine evidence in normal and parkinsonian subjects (Eng.) // Psychoneuroendocrinology: journal. - 2000. - Vol. 25 , no. 2 . - P. 179-185 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0306-4530 (99) 00048-7 . - PMID 10674281 .
- ↑ Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 1, 2012 N 1002 "On the approval of significant, large and especially large sizes of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as significant, large and especially large sizes for plants containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, or parts thereof containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, for the purposes of Articles 228, 228.1, 229 and 229.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "(as amended) . Guarantor. (Retrieved November 21, 2015)
- ↑ Päihdelinkki> 317 Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and varnish Archived March 26, 2014 on Wayback Machine