The election of the heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (officially - “election of the highest officials of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ”, unofficially - “election of the head of the executive branch”, “governor elections”, etc.) - a procedure for direct, secret and universal voting to determine the heads (first persons) of republics , territories , regions , cities of federal significance and the autonomous region that are subjects of the Russian Federation. These elections have been held in Russia since 1991 , with a break for 2005 - 2011 .
The elected position in different regions and in different periods was called differently: president , head of the republic , chairman of the government , governor , head of administration , mayor , etc.
History
For the first time, the election of heads of constituent entities was held on June 12, 1991 in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and the Republic of Tatarstan simultaneously with the election of the President of the RSFSR . Between 1991 and 1996, they were carried out sporadically in some regions - the post of president was not introduced in all republics, but the heads of administrations of most territories, regions, etc., were appointed by the President.
The situation changed in 1996, when the Constitutional Court of Russia , considering the request of the governor of the Altai Territory on the constitutionality of the provisions of the Charter of the Altai Territory, recognized that the head of the administration of the territory cannot be appointed by the legislative assembly, but must be elected by the population [1] . In addition, the Federal Law on the Procedure for Forming the Council of the Federation included a provision on the need to complete the election of heads of the executive branch by the end of 1996. In 1999, the term “senior official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation” was enshrined in the new law. The same law included a ban on the same person being elected more than two times in a row - however, reservations were soon added to it, allowing almost all chapters to circumvent this restriction.
Between 1996 and 2004, the election of heads of subjects was held in all regions of Russia, with the exception of Dagestan (where popular elections were to be held only in 2006, but were canceled due to changes in federal law), with a frequency of, as a rule, 4 - 5 years. The election procedure was regulated by both federal and regional laws. The elections were not held synchronously, and there were no universal terms for the elections; the election campaign lasted from 3 to 4 months to six months. These elections attracted a significant number of specialists (primarily on electoral technologies) who moved from region to region, offering their services to candidates and their election headquarters .
In September 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin took the initiative to change the procedure for empowering top officials of the constituent entities of the Federation, proposing to approve them in office by decisions of the legislative bodies on the proposal of the President. Speaking on television, the President logically linked his initiative with the tragedy of Beslan. A bill abolishing direct gubernatorial elections was developed and adopted in December 2004 [2] , and the last direct gubernatorial elections were held in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in January 2005.
In April 2012 , on the initiative of the successor of Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev , a federal law was passed providing for the return of direct elections of regional leaders [3] . According to this law, the first election of senior officials should be held on October 14, 2012 in those constituent entities of the Russian Federation where the term of office of current senior officials expires from June 1 to December 31, 2012 [4] .
On April 2, 2013 , at the initiative of Medvedev's successor, President Vladimir Putin, the law was amended to give the subjects of the federation the right to replace the popular elections of their heads with a parliamentary vote on several candidates. At the same time, it was directly stated that the adoption of such amendments was caused by the Kremlin’s decision not to allow direct elections in six republics of the North Caucasus ( Dagestan , Ingushetia , Kabardino-Balkaria , Karachay-Cherkessia , North Ossetia , Chechnya [5] ). Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District Alexander Khloponin also called for the election of the heads of all North Caucasian republics to pass through parliament [6] .
In 2013, 4 republics of the North Caucasus voluntarily refused direct elections of the head: Dagestan (April 18, 2013), Ingushetia (March 2, 2013), North Ossetia (November 28, 2013) and Karachay-Cherkessia (December 26, 2013). In two of them, in Dagestan and Ingushetia, the regional parliaments on September 8, 2013 elected heads for the next 5 years. In North Ossetia, the head was similarly elected on September 13, 2015. And in Karachay-Cherkessia, the election of the head through the National Assembly took place on September 18, 2016. In subsequent years, Kabardino-Balkaria (April 2, 2014) and Adygea (March 23, 2016) also refused direct elections of the head. The subsequent elections of the heads of republics were held in regional parliaments on October 9, 2014 (Kabardino-Balkaria) and September 10, 2017 (Adygea), respectively. Thus, Chechnya remained the only republic of the North Caucasus where direct elections of the head remain.
As a result of the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation in 2014, new entities were formed within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol . The Constitution of the Republic of Crimea and the Charter of Sevastopol adopted in the same year provided for the election of the heads of these regions by their parliaments on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation (which was done in the fall of 2014). In November 2016, amendments were introduced to the charter of the city of Sevastopol, introducing direct elections of the governor of the city [7] .
At the end of 2014 and the beginning of 2015, federal legislation was amended according to which indirect election of heads is introduced in the autonomous okrugs that are part of the oblasts ( Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , and Nenets Autonomous Okrug ). In the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Legislative Assemblies elected governors for the next 5 years in the fall of 2015. In the NAO, a similar procedure took place in 2018, in connection with the resignation of the governor.
Elections of the heads of regions of Russia in 1991-2005 and since 2012
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2012
- elections of the governor of the Amur region (October 14)
- election of the governor of the Belgorod region (October 14)
- election of the governor of the Bryansk region (October 14)
- election of the governor of the Novgorod region (October 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Ryazan region (October 14)
2013
- election of the governor of the Vladimir region (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Trans-Baikal Territory (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Magadan region (September 8)
- early elections of the governor of the Moscow region (September 8)
- early elections of the Mayor of Moscow (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Khabarovsk Territory (September 8)
- election of the Head of the Republic of Khakassia - Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Khakassia (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (September 8)
2014
- early elections of the governor of the Stavropol Territory (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Ivanovo region (September 14)
- election of the Head of the Komi Republic (September 14)
- election of the governor of the Kirov region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Chelyabinsk region (September 14)
- election of the Head of the Altai Republic, Chairman of the Government of the Altai Republic (September 14)
- election of the governor of the Kurgan region (September 14)
- election of the Head of the Udmurt Republic (September 14)
- election of the governor of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (September 14)
- election of the governor of the Oryol region (September 14)
- election of the governor of the Pskov region (September 14)
- Election of the Governor of the Voronezh Region (September 14)
- Early elections of the governor of the Novosibirsk region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Volgograd region (September 14)
- Early elections of the head of the republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (September 14)
- Early elections of the governor of the Murmansk region (September 14)
- Early elections of the head of the republic of Kalmykia (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (September 14)
- early elections of the head of administration of the Lipetsk region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Kursk region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Tyumen region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Orenburg region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Vologda region (September 14)
- early elections of the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Nizhny Novgorod region (September 14)
- Early elections of the governor of Primorsky Krai (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of the Samara region (September 14)
- early elections of the governor of St. Petersburg (September 14)
- elections of the governor of Altai Krai (September 14)
- election of the governor of the Astrakhan region (September 14)
2015
- early elections of the governor of the Bryansk region (September 13)
- election of the Head of the Republic of Mari El (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Jewish Autonomous Region (September 13)
- election of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Sakhalin region (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Amur region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Kemerovo region (September 13)
- early elections of the head of administration (governor) of the Krasnodar Territory (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Leningrad region (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Kamchatka Territory (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Irkutsk region (September 13 and 27)
- early elections of the governor of the Omsk region (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Kostroma region (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Smolensk region (September 13)
- early elections of the governor of the Arkhangelsk region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Penza region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Rostov region (September 13)
- election of the head of the administration of the Tambov region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Kaluga region (September 13)
- election of the Head of the Chuvash Republic (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Kaliningrad region (September 13)
2016
- early elections of the Head of the Komi Republic (September 18)
- early elections of the governor of the Trans-Baikal Territory (September 18)
- election of the Head of the Chechen Republic (September 18)
- election of the governor of the Ulyanovsk region (September 18)
- election of the governor of the Tver region (September 18)
- election of the governor of the Tula region (September 18)
- early elections of the Head of the Republic of Tuva (September 18)
2017
- досрочные выборы губернатора Калининградской области (10 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Кировской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Севастополя (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Томской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Саратовской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Ярославской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Пермского края (10 сентября)
- выборы Главы Республики Бурятия (10 сентября)
- досрочные выборы Главы Республики Марий Эл (10 сентября)
- досрочные выборы Главы Удмуртской Республики (10 сентября)
- выборы Главы Республики Мордовия (10 сентября)
- выборы Главы Республики Карелия (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Свердловской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Рязанской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Белгородской области (10 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Новгородской области (10 сентября)
2018 год
- досрочные выборы губернатора Самарской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Нижегородской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Красноярского края (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Приморского края (9 и 16 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Орловской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Новосибирской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Омской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Ивановской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Псковской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Воронежской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Кемеровской области (9 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Владимирской области (9 и 23 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Магаданской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы Главы Республики Саха (Якутия) (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Тюменской области (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Алтайского края (9 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Амурской области (9 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Московской области (9 сентября)
- выборы Мэра Москвы (9 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Хабаровского края (9 и 23 сентября)
- выборы Главы Республики Хакасия — Председателя Правительства Республики Хакасия (9 сентября и 11 ноября)
- выборы губернатора Чукотского автономного округа (9 сентября)
- повторные выборы губернатора Приморского края (16 декабря)
2019 год
- досрочные выборы губернатора Сахалинской области (8 сентября)
- досрочные выборы губернатора Забайкальского края (8 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Ставропольского края (8 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Челябинской области (8 сентября)
- выборы Главы Республики Алтай, Председателя Правительства Республики Алтай (8 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Курганской области (8 сентября)
- выборы губернатора Волгоградской области (8 сентября)
- election of the governor of the Murmansk region (September 8)
- election of the Head of the Republic of Kalmykia (September 8)
- election of the head of administration of the Lipetsk region (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Kursk region (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Orenburg region (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Vologda region (September 8)
- election of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan (September 8)
- election of the governor of St. Petersburg (September 8)
- election of the governor of the Astrakhan region (September 8)
2020
- early elections of the governor of Sevastopol (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Bryansk region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Jewish Autonomous Region (September 13)
- election of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (September 13)
- election of the head of administration (governor) of the Krasnodar Territory (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Leningrad region (September 13)
- elections of the governor of the Kamchatka Territory (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Irkutsk region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Kostroma region (September 13)
- election of the governor of Smolensk region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Arkhangelsk region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Penza region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Rostov region (September 13)
- election of the head of the administration of the Tambov region (September 13)
- election of the governor of the Kaluga region (September 13)
- election of the Head of the Chuvash Republic (September 13)
Notes
- ↑ Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of January 18, 1996 No. 2-P
- Jump up
- ↑ Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 2, 2012 N 40-ФЗ “On Amending the Federal Law“ On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation ”” and the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the right to participate in a referendum for citizens of the Russian Federation. ” Adopted by the State Duma on April 25, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on April 27, 2012, published on May 4, 2012 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Federal Issue No. 5772, entered into force on June 1, 2012. http://www.rg.ru/2012/05/04/gubernatori-dok.html .
- ↑ Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 2, 2012 N 40-ФЗ "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (will present ...
- ↑ The abolition of gubernatorial elections is entrusted to the regional United Russia party. 03/11/2013
- ↑ Alexander Khloponin for canceling direct elections in all republics of the North-Caucasian Federal District. 12/9/2013 Archived January 12, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ 292-ЗС from 11.29.2016 "On amendments to the Charter of the city of Sevastopol"
Links
- Information about the elections and referenda
- Information on the election results for 2000-2004 on the website of the Independent Institute of Elections ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 )
- Gubernatorial elections on the Politics website 1991 and subsequent
- Governors personal pages
- Materials of the newspaper "Morning" for December 8, 2003
Literature
- Elections in the Russian Federation. 2005. Electoral statistics. - M., 2006 .-- 200 p.
- Elections in the Russian Federation. 2004. Electoral statistics. - M., 2005 .-- 232 p.
- Elections in the Russian Federation. 2003. Electoral statistics. - M .: All World , 2004 .-- 176 p.
- Elections in the Russian Federation. 2002. Electoral statistics. - M.: Publishing house "All World" , 2003. - 136 p.
- Elections in the Russian Federation. 2001. Electoral statistics. - M .: Publishing house "All World" , 2002. - 120 p.
- Elections to government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 1997-2000. Electoral statistics: In 2 volumes. - M .: Whole World , 2001. - T. 1. - 168 s; T. 2. - 768 s.
- Election of the heads of the executive branch of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 1995-1997. Electoral statistics. - M .: Whole World , 1997 .-- 704 p.