Political Associations in the State Duma Elections

The list of political associations that participated in the 1993 State Duma elections differs significantly from the list of political associations that participated in the 1990 elections of the People's Deputies of the RSFSR . So, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased to exist, whose political successor can be considered the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , which was formed in February 1993 as a restored KP of the RSFSR , which was part of the CPSU. The Democratic Russia movement , created on the basis of the eponymous bloc of candidates for People's Deputies of the RSFSR, participated in the 1993 elections as a collective member of the Choice of Russia bloc. However, by 1993, most of the individual and collective members of DemRussia left the movement and participated in other political associations in the elections to the Duma of the first convocation.

The Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin bloc (named by the Yabloko journalists based on the first letters of the leaders' names) was established by the Social Democratic Party of Russia (SDPR), the Republican Party of the Russian Federation (RPRF) and the Russian Christian Democratic Union - New Democracy ( RXDS). All these three parties were created after the elections in March 1990, but their future leaders and members participated in them as part of the Democratic Russia bloc.

The Agrarian Party of Russia actually became the successor to the deputy group of the Supreme Council of Russia The Agrarian Union , whose leader, Mikhail Lapshin , became the head of the new party.

In the elections to the Duma of the second convocation , 7 electoral associations participated, one way or another connected with the associations and blocs that passed in the Duma of the first convocation. Five of them (the Agrarian Party of Russia , the Communist Party , the Liberal Democratic Party , the PRES , " Women of Russia ") spoke in the same form. The Yabloko association was in fact the political successor of the Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin bloc, despite the fact that the parties that formally formed this bloc were not included in the union, and one of them (RPRF) was part of another electoral bloc.

The “Russia's Democratic Choice - United Democrats” bloc can also be considered the political successor to the “Choice of Russia” bloc, although a significant part of the politicians nominated in 1993 from the “Choice of Russia”, this time ran for lists of other associations and blocs (“ Our Home - Russia ”,“ Forward, Russia ”,“ Pamfilova – Gurov – Vladimir Lysenko ”bloc, “ Common cause ” , Federal Democratic Movement , Christian Democratic Union - Christians of Russia ).

However, other associations suffered losses. Candidates on the PRES list in 1993 also appeared on the lists of the movement Our Home - Russia, the Ivan Rybkin Bloc , the Congress of Russian Communities and the Beer Lovers Party in 1995. Two deputies from the LDPR were included in 1995 in the list of the "Power" movement . One of the deputies from the Communist Party was in 1995 on the list of "Interethnic Union". One of the candidates included in the list of the Women of Russia movement in 1993 ran in 1995 from the Federal Democratic Movement.

Nevertheless, the list of the “Women of Russia” movement turned out to be the most conservative: all 12 candidates included in the federal part of their list in 1995 were on the list of this movement in 1993, 9 of them among the first 12. The Yabloko association "10 candidates from the federal part were included in the list of the Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin bloc in 1993. The LDPR and the agrarians each had 8 candidates from the federal part in the lists of these parties in 1993. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation had only 4 such candidates, the PRES - only 3. In the federal part of the list of the block “Democratic Choice of Russia - United Democrats” there were 6 candidates included in the list of the block “Choice of Russia” in 1993.

The only association from the first convocation to the Duma, which did not take part in the 1995 elections, was the Democratic Party of Russia. Its leader N. I. Travkin, who left the party, ran for the list of the movement "Our Home - Russia". Two other leaders, S. S. Govorukhin and S. Yu. Glazyev, were included in the first three lists of the "Block of Stanislav Govorukhin" and the "Congress of Russian Communities", some others were in the lists of the Social Democrats bloc, Forward, Russia movements ! ”And“ Stable Russia ”.

Of the five associations and blocs that did not go to the Duma of the first convocation, only the Kedr party (successor to the Kedr movement) participated in the 1995 elections. In the federal part of her list there were only 3 candidates who were on the list of movement in 1993.

Candidates on the list of the Russian Movement of Democratic Reforms in 1993 could be found in 1995 at the head of the list of the Workers' Self-Government Party, on the lists of the Democratic Choice of Russia - United Democrats bloc, the Congress of Russian Communities movement, and the Ivan Bloc Rybkina ”, the association“ My Fatherland ”and the block“ Social Democrats ”.

Candidates on the Civil Union list in 1993 entered the top three of the Move Forward, Russia! Movement in 1995. "," My Fatherland "," Bloc of Stanislav Govorukhin "," Ivan Rybkin Bloc "," Trade Unions and Industrialists - Labor Union "and" Social Democrats "blocs, as well as the PRESS list.

Candidates on the Dignity and Mercy list in 1993 could be found on the lists of the Communist Party, the Agrarian Party of Russia, the trade unions and industrialists - Labor Union bloc, and the Forward, Russia! Movement.

Candidates on the list of the “Future of Russia - New Names” block in 1993 ended up on the lists of the “Ivan Rybkin Bloc” and the “ Social Democrats ” block in 1995.

Only 4 electoral associations (Communist Party, Our Home - Russia, Yabloko and Women of Russia) participated in these elections in the same form as in the previous ones. Another 8 electoral associations and blocs can be considered the political successors of the associations and blocs that participated in the 1995 elections. The Zhirinovsky Bloc was actually a form of participation in the LDPR elections17. The Communists, Workers of Russia - for the Soviet Union bloc became the political successor of the Communists - Labor Russia - For the Soviet Union bloc, the Congress of Russian Communities and Yuri Boldyrev movement bloc - the successor to the Congress of Russian Communities movement. The Russian nation-wide union became the successor of the “Power to the people!” Bloc, of which it was a member in 1995, the “Russian Affair” block — the successor of the Russian nation-wide movement that joined it. The “bloc of General Andrei Nikolaev and the academician Svyatoslav Fedorov” can be considered the political successor to the Workers' Self-Government Party, the Social Democrats movement is the successor to the Social Democrats bloc. To some extent, the Union of Right Forces bloc can be considered the product of the unification of the Russian Democratic Choice - United Democrats and the Common Affair blocs, although its top three included two leaders (S. V. Kirienko and B. E. Nemtsov), not previously participated in the Duma elections.

A comparison of the lists in the 1995 and 1999 elections shows that Yabloko showed the most conservatism: this association coincided with 7 out of 12 candidates in the federal part. The “Zhirinovsky Bloc” in the federal part had 5 candidates who were included in the general federal part of the LDPR list in 1995; the same number of candidates included in the federal part of the list of the block “Communists, Workers of Russia - for the Soviet Union” ended up in the federal part of the block “Communists - Labor Russia - For the Soviet Union”. The Communist Party of 1995 and 1999 coincided with 4 candidates, the movement “Our Home - Russia” - 3, the movement “Women of Russia” - 2. In the federal part of the block “Union of Right Forces” there were two candidates from the federal part of the block “Democratic Choice of Russia” - United Democrats ”and one candidate from the federal part of the Common Business bloc. Two candidates each took to their nationwide part the “Block of General Andrei Nikolaev and Academician Svyatoslav Fedorov” from the federal part of the list of the Party of Workers' Self-Government, the Russian People’s Union from the federal part of the list of the block “Power to the People!” And the Russian Business block from the federal part of the list Russian national movement. The movement "Congress of Russian Communities" in 1995 and the bloc "Congress of Russian Communities and the Movement of Yuri Boldyrev" in the federal part of the list matched only one candidate. The Social Democrats movement dispensed with a generally federal part.

The Communist Party’s list included candidates included in the lists of associations “Our Home is Russia”, “Congress of Russian Communities”, Agrarian Party of Russia, and “Power” in 1995. In the list of the movement “Our Home - Russia” there were candidates included in the lists of associations of the Agrarian Party of Russia and “Forward, Russia!” In 1995. The list of Yabloko associations included a candidate who was included in the list of the movement Our Home - Russia in 1995. The list of the Union of Right Forces bloc included candidates on the lists of the Russian Bar Association and the Party of Economic Freedom in 1995. The list of the Russian National People’s Union included candidates included in the lists of the Derzhava movement and the National Republican Party of Russia in 1995. The list of the “Block of General Andrei Nikolaev and Academician Svyatoslav Fedorov” included candidates included in the lists of movements “Congress of Russian Communities” and “Stable Russia” in 1995. The list of the “Congress of Russian Communities and the Yuri Boldyrev Movement” bloc included candidates on the lists of the “Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc” and the “Interethnic Union” bloc in 1995. In the list of the block "Russian Business" was a candidate who was on the list of the National Republican Party of Russia in 1995.

Two more blocs (“Fatherland-All Russia” and “Medved”) could formally be considered the successors of the associations and blocs that participated in previous elections. Thus, the Agrarian Party of Russia and the Regions of Russia association, which participated in the 1995 elections as part of the Ivan Rybkin Bloc, were part of the Fatherland-All Russia bloc. The bloc’s list also included candidates included in the lists of associations “Our Home - Russia”, “Yabloko”, “Women of Russia”, “Congress of Russian Communities”, Workers' Self-Government Party, “Forward, Russia!”, “My” Fatherland ”, Party of Beer Lovers, Blocs“ Trade Unions and Industrialists of Russia - Labor Union ”,“ Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc ”.

The Bear bloc included the Russian Christian Democratic Party, which participated in the 1995 elections as part of the Interethnic Union bloc, and the People's Patriotic Party, which participated in the 1995 elections as part of the For Homeland! Bloc. The bloc’s list also included candidates included in the lists of associations “Kedr”, “People’s Union”, blocks “Common affair” and “Pamfilova-Gurov-Vladimir Lysenko” in 1995.

However, in essence, the Fatherland-All Russia and the Bear blocs were completely new entities representing two versions of the “party of power." The Bear was formed as a support unit for V.V. Putin, the new Chairman of the Government of Russia and the announced successor to B.N. Yeltsin as President. The “Fatherland-All Russia” bloc was formed by the heads of the largest constituent entities of the Federation (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tatarstan, etc.) and also claimed to win the majority.

Two more movements (“Spiritual Heritage” and “In Support of the Army”) were associations that had broken away from the Communist Party. “The Stalinist Bloc - for the USSR” included candidates included in the lists of “Communists — Labor Russia — For the Soviet Union” and “Power - to the People!” In 1995.

The lists of associations “For Civil Dignity” and the Socialist Party of Russia were headed by E. A. Pamfilova and I. P. Rybkin, who in 1995 were leaders of the blocs named after them. However, these associations can hardly be called successors of these blocks.

Ten parties and blocs were, to one degree or another, the successors of the electoral associations and blocs that participated in the 1995 and 1999 elections. The Communist Party and the “Party of Peace and Unity” participated in these elections in the same form as in the previous ones. LDPR again participated in the elections explicitly. The Yabloko association and the Union of Right Forces bloc were transformed into parties. The Russian Ecological Green Party was the successor to Kedra, which participated in the 1993 and 1995 elections, but was withdrawn from the 1999 elections on the basis of a rule that was subsequently declared unconstitutional. The Russian party of pensioners this time participated in the elections in a bloc with the Social Justice Party. The Agrarian Party of Russia, which was part of the Fatherland-All Russia bloc in 1999, again, as in 1993 and 1995, acted independently.

The lists of parties represented in the Duma of the third convocation retained a high degree of continuity. The Communist Party in the federal parts of the lists of 1999 and 2003 coincided with 10 candidates, the LDPR - 9, the Yabloko - 7, the Union of Right Forces - 523. The Party of Peace and Unity in the federal parts of the lists of 1999 and 2003 coincided 5 candidates, on the list of the block “The Russian Party of Pensioners and the Party of Social Justice” with the list of the Party of Pensioners - 3, on the list of Greens with the list of “Cedar” 1995 - 2. In the federal parts of the lists of the Agrarian Party of Russia 1995 and 2003 also coincided 2 candidates.

The United Russia party was actually formed by the merger of the Bear and Fatherland-All Russia blocs that passed to the Duma of the third convocation. The federal part of the list of this party consisted of only four candidates, of which one was in 1999 in the first three of the list of the Bear block, one was the head of the regional group of this block and one was in the first three of the list of the Fatherland-All Russia block.

The Rodina bloc was formally formed by three parties (the Party of Russian Regions, the Socialist Unified Party of Russia and Narodnaya Volya), two of which were the political successors of the electoral associations that participated in the 1999 elections (the Spiritual Heritage movement and the Russian Popular Union ) In the federal part of the list of the bloc there were candidates who were included in the lists of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 1999, the block “Congress of Russian Communities and the Yuri Boldyrev Movement” and the Russian National Union (but not “Spiritual Heritage”).

The remaining 13 parties and blocs were essentially newcomers, although some of them had some relation to the electoral associations and blocs that had previously participated in the elections. So, the Democratic Party of Russia formally was the successor to the party of the same name, represented in the Duma of the first convocation. In the federal part of the party list there were 3 candidates who were included in the DPR list in 1993, however, there is no need to speak of continuity politically.

The New Deal - Automobile Russia bloc included the Liberal Russia party (formed by politicians who were formerly members of the Democratic Choice of Russia party and the Union of Right Forces bloc) and the Republican Party of the Russian Federation, which participated in the 1993 elections as part of the Bloc: Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin, and in the 1995 elections, as part of the Pamfilova-Gurov-Vladimir Lysenko bloc. In the federal part of the list of the bloc were candidates who were in 1999 on the lists of the Alliance of Right Forces bloc, the Our Home - Russia movement, and the Yabloko association.

The People’s Party of the Russian Federation was created by deputies elected to the Duma of the third convocation in single-mandate constituencies. In the federal part of the list of this party were candidates who were in 1999 on the lists of the “Block of General Andrei Nikolaev and Academician Svyatoslav Fedorov”, the “Spiritual Heritage” movement, and the “Cedar” party. In the federal part of the list of the block “The Party of the Renaissance of Russia - Russian Party of LIFE” there were candidates who were in 1999 on the lists of the Communist Party and the movement “Women of Russia”. In the federal part of the list of the Elephant party there were candidates who were in 1999 on the lists of the Yabloko association, the Alliance of Right Forces bloc, and the Social Democrats movement. At the head of the list of the “Enterprise Development” party were two deputies of the State Duma of the first, second and third convocations, who were in 1995 on the list of the Yabloko association, and in 1999 on the list of the Fatherland-All Russia bloc. In the federal part of the Great Russia - Eurasian Union bloc there were candidates who were included in the lists of the Bear and Fatherland - All Russia blocs in 1999. In the federal part of the list of the United Russian Party “Rus” was a candidate who was included in the 1999 list of the “Fatherland-All Russia” block. In the federal part of the list of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party was a candidate who was included in the 1999 list of the "Bloc of General Andrei Nikolaev and Academician Svyatoslav Fedorov." In the federal part of the list of the People’s Republican Party of Russia there was a candidate who was included in the list of the Congress of Russian Communities and the Yuri Boldyrev Movement in 1999.

Changes from 2003 to 2007

• United Russia (2007) - United Russia (2003), NPRF (2003), ATP (2003)
• SR - Homeland (2003), RPP (2003), PCa (2003), NPRF (2003), Yabloko (2003), LDPR (2003), Communist Party (2003)
• Patriots of Russia (2007) - Homeland (2003)
• National Assembly (2007) - Homeland (2003)
• APR (2007) - APR (2003)
• Communist Party of the Russian Federation (2007) - Communist Party of the Russian Federation (2003)
• LDPR (2007) - LDPR (2003)

• Ivanchenko A.V., Kynev A.V., Lyubarev A.E. PROPORTIONAL ELECTION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA