The population of Estonia is estimated at 1 January 2018 at 1,319,133 people. [1] . The steady decline in the country's population since the collapse of the USSR forced the Estonian government to undertake a rather painful, often forced reform to unite communities in 2017 . Population censuses in Estonia in the twenty-first century are conducted every 10 years.
The population of Estonia as of January 1, 2019 is 1,324,820 people. [2]
Population growth | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Population | % ± |
1881 | 881455 | - |
1897 | 958351 | + 8.7% |
1922 | 1107059 | + 15.5% |
1934 | 1126413 | + 1.7% |
1941 | 1017475 | −9.7% |
1959 | 1196791 | + 17.6% |
1970 | 1356079 | + 13.3% |
1979 | 1464476 | + 8.0% |
1989 | 1565662 | + 6.9% |
2000 | 1370052 | −12.5% |
2011 | 1329660 | −2.9% |
2012 | 1294236 | -2.6% |
2013 | 1286540 | -0.6% |
2014 | 1315819 | + 2.1% |
2015 | 1312282 | -0.3% |
2016 | 1315944 | + 0.3% |
2017 | 1315635 | -0.0% |
2018 | 1319133 | + 0.3% |
2019 | 1324820 | + 0.4% |
* Source: [3] |

Population size
The population of Estonia was 1 286 540 people as of January 1, 2013 [4] , after which the corrected estimate (taking into account the unregistered (non-permanent) population) as of the same date - 1320 174 people [5] , according to preliminary estimates January 1, 2014 - 1 311 870 people [6] [7] , according to the corrected estimate for the same date - 1 315 819 people [5] [8] [9] .
Population [13] [5] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 [10] [11] [12] | 1913 | 1922 | 1934 | 1940 | 1950 | 1952 | 1953 |
100,000 | ↗ 954,000 | 107 1 107 059 | 126 1 126 413 | ↘ 1,054,000 | ↗ 1,097,000 | ↗ 1,130,000 | ↗ 1,141,000 |
1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 |
↗ 1,150,000 | ↗ 1,157,000 | ↗ 1 162 000 | ↗ 1,174,000 | 18 1,185,000 | ↗ 1 197 000 | ↗ 1 209 100 | ↗ 1,222,200 |
1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 |
23 1,236,300 | ↗ 1,249,800 | ↗ 1,267,100 | ↗ 1,284,800 | ↗ 1,297,300 | ↗ 1,308,700 | ↗ 1,319,400 | 334 1,334,300 |
1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 |
35 1,351,640 | ↗ 1,368,511 | ↗ 1,385,399 | ↗ 1,399,637 | ↗ 1,412,265 | ↗ 1,424,073 | ↗ 1,434,630 | ↗ 1,444,522 |
1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 |
↗ 1,455,900 | ↗ 1,464,476 | ↗ 1,472,190 | ↗ 1,482,247 | ↗ 1,493,085 | ↗ 1 503 743 | ↗ 1,513,747 | ↗ 1 523 486 |
1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 |
↗ 1,534,076 | ↗ 1,546,304 | ↗ 1,558,137 | ↗ 1,565,662 | ↗ 1,570,599 | ↘ 1,567,749 | ↘ 1,554,878 | ↘ 1 511 303 |
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
↘ 1,476,952 | ↘ 1,448,075 | ↘ 1,425,192 | ↘ 1,405,996 | ↘ 1,393,074 | ↘ 1,379,237 | ↗ 1,401,250 | ↘ 1,392,720 |
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
↘ 1,383,510 | ↘ 1,375,190 | ↘ 1,366,250 | 35 1,358,850 | ↘ 1,350,700 | ↘ 1,342,920 | ↘ 1,338,440 | 335 1,335,740 |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
↘ 1,333,290 | ↘ 1,329,660 | ↘ 1 325 217 | 320 1,320,174 | ↘ 1,315,819 | ↘ 1,312,252 | ↗ 1,315,944 | ↘ 1,315,635 |
2019 | |||||||
↗ 1,324,820 |
Population size before correction in 2013 by Estatom of accounting for non-permanent population since 2000 [13] [5] [14] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
1,476,952 | ↘ 1,448,075 | ↘ 1,425,192 | ↘ 1,405,996 | ↘ 1,393,074 | ↘ 1,379,237 | ↘ 1,372,071 | ↘ 1,366,959 |
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
↘ 1,361,242 | ↘ 1,356,045 | ↘ 1,351,069 | ↘ 1,347,510 | ↘ 1,344,684 | ↘ 1,342,409 | 340 1,340,935 | 340 1,340,415 |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
340 1,340,127 | 340 1,340,194 | ↘ 1,294,236 | 28 1,286,540 | ↗ 1,315,819 | ↘ 1,312,252 | ↗ 1,315,944 | ↘ 1,315,635 |
2018 | 2019 | ||||||
↗ 1,319,133 | ↗ 1,324,820 |
Population density
According to data for 2012, the average population density in Estonia is 28.6 persons / km². The highest population density in Harju County , the lowest - in Hiiu .
Migration
According to the published data of the Statistics Department of Estonia , in 2009 more people left for Estonia than arrived: 4,647 people left and 3,643 people arrived. Compared with 2008, the number of departures increased by 200 people, while arrivals remained at the same level [15] .
Birth and Mortality
In 2010, a positive birth rate and population growth was achieved. [16] According to the Estonian Department of Statistics, the birth rate and mortality dynamics are as follows [17] :
Year | Population | Number of births | Number of dead | Natural population growth | Total fertility rate (per 1000) inhabitants | Crude death rate (per 1000) inhabitants | Natural growth rate (total) | Total fertility rate | Infant mortality rate | Life expectancy (men) | Life expectancy (women) | Life expectancy (total) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1914 | 1,197 | 26,865 | 20,882 | 5.983 | 22.4 | 17.4 | 5.0 | |||||
1915 | 1,188 | 24,680 | 21,841 | 2,839 | 20.8 | 18.4 | 2.4 | |||||
1916 | 1,154 | 21,282 | 25,429 | −4,147 | 18.4 | 22.0 | −3.6 | |||||
1917 | 1,120 | 18,333 | 27,336 | −9,003 | 16.4 | 24.4 | −8.0 | |||||
1918 | 1,086 | 21,659 | 32,488 | −10,829 | 19.9 | 29.9 | −10.0 | |||||
1919 | 1,064 | 18,456 | 28,800 | −10,344 | 17.3 | 27.1 | −9.7 | |||||
1920 | 1,068 | 19,625 | 21,363 | −1,738 | 18.4 | 20.0 | −1.6 | |||||
1921 | 1,087 | 22,067 | 17,143 | 4,924 | 20.3 | 15.8 | 4.5 | |||||
1922 | 1,102 | 22,255 | 18,401 | 3,854 | 20.2 | 16.7 | 3.5 | |||||
1923 | 1,111 | 22,347 | 16.630 | 5,717 | 20.1 | 15.0 | 5.1 | |||||
1924 | 1,116 | 21,441 | 16,918 | 4,523 | 19.2 | 15.2 | 4.1 | 99.9 | ||||
1925 | 1,117 | 20,445 | 16.680 | 3.765 | 18.3 | 14.9 | 3.4 | 95.7 | ||||
1926 | 1,117 | 19,977 | 18,047 | 1,900 | 17.9 | 16.2 | 1.7 | 101.8 | ||||
1927 | 1,116 | 19,705 | 19,356 | 500 | 17.7 | 17.3 | 0.4 | 114.6 | ||||
1928 | 1,116 | 20,064 | 17,785 | 2.279 | 18.0 | 15.9 | 2.0 | 103.6 | ||||
1929 | 1,116 | 19,110 | 20,178 | −1.068 | 17.1 | 18.1 | −1.0 | 110.5 | ||||
1930 | 1,116 | 19,471 | 16.610 | 2,861 | 17.4 | 14.9 | 2.6 | 100.1 | ||||
1931 | 1,118 | 19,509 | 18,077 | 1.432 | 17.4 | 16.2 | 1.3 | 102.8 | ||||
1932 | 1,122 | 19,742 | 16.641 | 3,101 | 17.6 | 14.8 | 2.8 | 96.8 | ||||
1933 | 1,124 | 18,208 | 16,472 | 1,736 | 16.2 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 94.0 | ||||
1934 | 1,126 | 17.305 | 15.853 | 1,452 | 15.4 | 14.1 | 1.3 | 91.1 | ||||
1935 | 1,129 | 17,891 | 16.864 | 1,027 | 15.8 | 14.9 | 0.9 | 89.3 | ||||
1936 | 1,130 | 18,222 | 17,594 | 628 | 16.1 | 15.6 | 0.6 | 89.2 | ||||
1937 | 1,131 | 18,190 | 16.614 | 1,576 | 16.1 | 14.7 | 1.4 | 90.7 | ||||
1938 | 1,133 | 18,453 | 16,496 | 1,957 | 16.3 | 14.6 | 1.7 | 77.5 | ||||
1939 | 1,128 | 18,475 | 17,101 | 1,374 | 16.4 | 15.2 | 1.2 | 78.8 | ||||
1940 | 1,096 | 18,407 | 19.024 | −617 | 16.8 | 17.4 | −0.6 | 83.7 | ||||
1941 | 1,044 | 19,574 | 23,702 | −4,128 | 18.8 | 22.7 | −4.0 | |||||
1942 | 1,017 | 19,242 | 20,276 | −1.034 | 18.9 | 19.9 | −1.0 | 91.8 | ||||
1943 | 1,006 | 16,001 | 18,120 | −2,119 | 15.9 | 18.0 | −2.1 | |||||
1944 | 990 | 15,180 | 24,700 | −9,520 | 15.3 | 24.9 | −9.6 | |||||
1945 | 879 | 14,968 | 20,708 | −5,740 | 17.0 | 23.6 | −6.5 | 124.8 | ||||
1946 | 928 | 19,408 | 19,969 | −561 | 20.9 | 21.5 | −0.6 | 96.8 | ||||
1947 | 977 | 22,721 | 21,492 | 1,229 | 23.3 | 22.0 | 1.3 | 121.4 | ||||
1948 | 1,026 | 21,777 | 17,549 | 4.228 | 21.2 | 17.1 | 4.1 | 84.2 | ||||
1949 | 1,074 | 21,770 | 16,730 | 5,040 | 20.3 | 15.6 | 4.7 | 82.4 | ||||
1950 | 1,101 | 20,279 | 15.817 | 4,462 | 18.4 | 14.4 | 4.1 | 81.2 | ||||
1951 | 1,114 | 20,730 | 15.354 | 5.376 | 18.6 | 13.7 | 4.8 | 76.2 | ||||
1952 | 1,126 | 21,111 | 15.817 | 5,294 | 18.7 | 14.0 | 4.7 | 64.9 | ||||
1953 | 1,138 | 20,146 | 14,420 | 5,726 | 17.7 | 12.7 | 5.0 | 52.2 | ||||
1954 | 1,149 | 20,909 | 13,981 | 6,928 | 18.2 | 12.2 | 6.0 | 49.5 | ||||
1955 | 1,160 | 20,786 | 13,638 | 7.148 | 17.9 | 11.8 | 6.2 | 51.6 | ||||
1956 | 1,171 | 19,660 | 12,748 | 6,912 | 16.8 | 10.9 | 5.9 | 41.2 | ||||
1957 | 1,181 | 19,509 | 13,026 | 6,483 | 16.5 | 11.0 | 5.5 | 40.1 | ||||
1958 | 1,192 | 19,598 | 12,971 | 6,627 | 16.4 | 10.9 | 5.6 | 39.9 | ||||
1959 | 1,203 | 19,938 | 13,130 | 6,808 | 16.5 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 31.7 | ||||
1960 | 1.216 | 20,187 | 12,738 | 7,449 | 16.6 | 10.5 | 6.1 | 1.95 | 31.1 | |||
1961 | 1,229 | 20,230 | 13,036 | 7.194 | 16.5 | 10.6 | 5.9 | 1.97 | 28.0 | |||
1962 | 1.243 | 19,959 | 13,495 | 6,464 | 16.1 | 10.9 | 5.2 | 1.95 | 25.2 | |||
1963 | 1,258 | 19,275 | 13,251 | 6.024 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 1.91 | 26.0 | |||
1964 | 1,276 | 19,629 | 12,754 | 6,875 | 15.4 | 10.0 | 5.4 | 1.94 | 25.4 | |||
1965 | 1,291 | 18,909 | 13,520 | 5.389 | 14.6 | 10.5 | 4.2 | 1.90 | 20.3 | |||
1966 | 1.303 | 18,629 | 13,800 | 4,829 | 14.3 | 10.6 | 3.7 | 1.85 | 20.0 | |||
1967 | 1,314 | 18,671 | 13,699 | 4,972 | 14.2 | 10.4 | 3.8 | 1.86 | 19.2 | |||
1968 | 1,327 | 19,782 | 14,225 | 5.557 | 14.9 | 10.7 | 4.2 | 2.03 | 18.0 | |||
1969 | 1,345 | 20,781 | 15,150 | 5.631 | 15.5 | 11.3 | 4.2 | 2.11 | 16.7 | |||
1970 | 1,360 | 21,552 | 15,186 | 6.366 | 15.8 | 11.2 | 4.7 | 2.16 | 17.7 | |||
1971 | 1,377 | 22,118 | 15,038 | 7,080 | 16.1 | 10.9 | 5.1 | 2.19 | 17.5 | |||
1972 | 1,393 | 21,757 | 15.520 | 6.237 | 15.6 | 11.1 | 4.5 | 2.14 | 15.9 | |||
1973 | 1,406 | 21,239 | 15.573 | 5.666 | 15.1 | 11.1 | 4.0 | 2.07 | 15.9 | |||
1974 | 1.418 | 21,461 | 15.393 | 6,068 | 15.1 | 10.9 | 4.3 | 2.07 | 17.6 | |||
1975 | 1,429 | 21,360 | 16,572 | 4,788 | 14.9 | 11.6 | 3.4 | 2.04 | 18.2 | |||
1976 | 1,440 | 21,801 | 17.351 | 4,450 | 15.1 | 12.0 | 3.1 | 2.06 | 17.5 | |||
1977 | 1,450 | 21,977 | 17.094 | 4,883 | 15.2 | 11.8 | 3.4 | 2.06 | 17.5 | |||
1978 | 1,460 | 21,842 | 17,812 | 4,030 | 15.0 | 12.2 | 2.8 | 2.02 | 16.5 | |||
1979 | 1,468 | 21,879 | 18,062 | 3,817 | 14.9 | 12.3 | 2.6 | 2.01 | 18.3 | |||
1980 | 1.477 | 22,204 | 18,199 | 4.005 | 15.0 | 12.3 | 2.7 | 2.02 | 17.1 | |||
1981 | 1,488 | 22,937 | 18,349 | 4,588 | 15.4 | 12.3 | 3.1 | 2.07 | 17.0 | |||
1982 | 1,498 | 23,128 | 17,893 | 5.235 | 15.4 | 11.9 | 3.5 | 2.08 | 17.2 | |||
1983 | 1.509 | 24,155 | 18,190 | 5.965 | 16.0 | 12.1 | 4.0 | 2.16 | 16.1 | |||
1984 | 1.519 | 24,234 | 19,086 | 5.148 | 16.0 | 12.6 | 3.4 | 2.17 | 13.6 | |||
1985 | 1,529 | 23,630 | 19,343 | 4.287 | 15.5 | 12.7 | 2.8 | 2.12 | 14.1 | |||
1986 | 1.540 | 24,106 | 17,986 | 6.120 | 15.7 | 11.7 | 4.0 | 2.17 | 15.9 | |||
1987 | 1,552 | 25,086 | 18,279 | 6,807 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 4.4 | 2.26 | 16.0 | |||
1988 | 1.562 | 25,060 | 18,551 | 6,509 | 16.0 | 11.9 | 4.2 | 2.26 | 12.4 | |||
1989 | 1,568 | 24,318 | 18,536 | 5,762 | 15.5 | 11.8 | 3.7 | 2.22 | 14.8 | |||
1990 | 1.569 | 22,304 | 19,531 | 2,778 | 14.2 | 12.4 | 1.8 | 2.05 | 12.3 | |||
1991 | 1,561 | 19,413 | 19,715 | −302 | 12.4 | 12.6 | −0.2 | 1.80 | 13.3 | |||
1992 | 1.533 | 18,038 | 20,126 | −2,088 | 11.8 | 13.1 | −1.4 | 1.71 | 15.7 | |||
1993 | 1,494 | 15.253 | 21,286 | −6,033 | 10.2 | 14.2 | −4.0 | 1.49 | 15.6 | |||
1994 | 1,463 | 14,176 | 22,212 | −8,036 | 9.7 | 15.2 | −5.5 | 1.42 | 14.4 | |||
1995 | 1,437 | 13,509 | 20,828 | −7,319 | 9.4 | 14.5 | −5.1 | 1.38 | 14.9 | |||
1996 | 1,416 | 13,242 | 19,020 | −5,778 | 9.4 | 13.4 | −4.1 | 1.37 | 10.5 | |||
1997 | 1,400 | 12,577 | 18,572 | −5,995 | 9.0 | 13.3 | −4.3 | 1.32 | 10.0 | |||
1998 | 1,386 | 12,167 | 19,445 | −7,278 | 8.8 | 14.0 | −5.3 | 1.28 | 9.4 | |||
1999 | 1,376 | 12,425 | 18,447 | −6,022 | 9.0 | 13.4 | −4.4 | 1.32 | 9.6 | |||
2000 1 | 1,397 | 13,067 | 18,403 | −5,336 | 9.4 | 13.2 | −3.8 | 1.35 | 8.4 | |||
2001 | 1,388 | 12,632 | 18,516 | −5,884 | 9.1 | 13.2 | −4.2 | 1.31 | 8.8 | |||
2002 | 1,379 | 13.001 | 18,355 | −5,354 | 9.4 | 13.3 | −3.9 | 1.36 | 5.7 | |||
2003 | 1,371 | 13,036 | 18,152 | −5,116 | 9.5 | 13.2 | −3.7 | 1.36 | 7.0 | |||
2004 | 1,363 | 13,992 | 17,685 | −3,693 | 10.3 | 13.0 | −2.7 | 1.47 | 6.4 | |||
2005 | 1,355 | 14,350 | 17.316 | −2,966 | 10.6 | 12.8 | −2.2 | 1.52 | 5.4 | |||
2006 | 1,347 | 14,877 | 17.316 | −2,439 | 11.0 | 12.9 | −1.8 | 1.58 | 4.4 | |||
2007 | 1,341 | 15.775 | 17.409 | −1,634 | 11.8 | 13.0 | −1.2 | 1.69 | 5.0 | |||
2008 | 1,337 | 16,028 | 16.675 | −647 | 12.0 | 12.5 | −0.5 | 1.72 | 5.0 | 68.90 | 79.41 | 74.29 |
2009 | 1,335 | 15.763 | 16,081 | −318 | 11.8 | 12.1 | −0.2 | 1.70 | 3.6 | 69.98 | 80.06 | 75.20 |
2010 | 1,332 | 15.825 | 15.790 | 35 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 0.0 | 1.72 | 3.3 | 70.84 | 80.54 | 75.90 |
2011 | 1,327 | 14,679 | 15.244 | −565 | 11.0 | 11.4 | −0.4 | 1.61 | 2.5 | 71.34 | 81.01 | 76.39 |
2012 | 1,323 | 14,056 | 15.450 | −1,394 | 10.6 | 11.7 | −1.1 | 1.56 | 3.6 | 71.36 | 81.17 | 76.46 |
2013 | 1,318 | 13,531 | 15.244 | −1,713 | 10.3 | 11.6 | −1.3 | 1.52 | 2.1 | 72.70 | 81.33 | 77.28 |
2014 | 1,314 | 13,551 | 15.484 | −1,933 | 10.3 | 11.8 | −1.5 | 1.54 | 2.7 | 72.32 | 81.54 | 77.16 |
2015 | 1,314 | 13,907 | 15.243 | −1,336 | 10.6 | 11.6 | −1.0 | 1.58 | 2.5 | 73.08 | 81.85 | 77.71 |
2016 | 1,316 | 14,053 | 15.392 | −1,339 | 10.7 | 11.7 | −1.0 | 1.60 | 2.3 | 73.17 | 81.90 | 77.78 |
2017 | 1,317 | 13,784 | 15.543 | −1.759 | 10.5 | 11.8 | −1.3 | 1.59 | 2.3 | 73.65 | 82.34 | 78.23 |
2018 | 1,322 | 14,367 | 15.751 | −1,384 | 10.9 | 11.9 | -1.0 | 1.67 | 1.6 |
Life expectancy at birth
According to Eurostat , among the EU countries in Estonia and Slovenia is the highest increase in life expectancy. [18]
Period | Life expectancy at years [19] |
---|---|
1950–1955 | 61.77 |
1955–1960 | ▲ 66.92 |
1960–1965 | ▲ 69.38 |
1965–1970 | ▲ 70.31 |
1970–1975 | ▼ 70.27 |
1975–1980 | ▼ 69.43 |
1980–1985 | ▼ 69.32 |
1985–1990 | ▲ 70.34 |
1990–1995 | ▼ 68.50 |
1995–2000 | ▲ 69.42 |
2000–2005 | ▲ 71.59 |
2005–2010 | ▲ 73.77 |
2010–2015 | ▲ 76.76 |
Nationality and Citizenship
Ethnic composition
The population of counties in 1881 included in the Republic of Estonia
The following table shows the assessment of the Estonian Department of Statistics as of January 1, 2016 [20] :
# | nationality | people | % |
---|---|---|---|
Estonia, total | 1,315,944 | 100.00% | |
one | Estonians | 905 805 | 68.83% |
2 | Russians | 330 263 | 25.10% |
3 | Ukrainians | 23,256 | 1.77% |
four | Belarusians | 12,171 | 0.92% |
five | Finns | 7,659 | 0.58% |
6 | Latvians | 2 198 | 0.17% |
7 | Jews | 2,023 | 0.15% |
eight | Tatars | 1,981 | 0.15% |
9 | Germans | 1,913 | 0.15% |
ten | Lithuanians | 1,882 | 0.14% |
eleven | Poles | 1,747 | 0.13% |
- | other | 13,292 | 1.01% |
- | unknown | 11,754 | 0.89% |
The dynamics of the national composition of the population of Estonia in 1922 - 2010 : [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
# | 1922 | % | 1934 | % | 1959 | % | 1970 | % | 1979 | % | 1989 | % | 2000 | % | 2010 | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Estonia | 1107059 | 100.00% | 1126413 | 100.00% | 1196791 | 100.00% | 1356079 | 100.00% | 1464476 | 100.00% | 1565662 | 100.00% | 1370052 | 100.00% | 1340127 | 100.00% |
one | Estonians | 969976 | 87.62% | 992520 | 88.11% | 892653 | 74.59% | 925157 | 68.22% | 947812 | 64.72% | 963281 | 61.53% | 930219 | 67.90% | 922398 | 68.83% |
2 | Russians | 91109 | 8.23% | 92656 | 8.23% | 240227 | 20.07% | 334620 | 24.68% | 408778 | 27.91% | 474834 | 30.33% | 351178 | 25.63% | 342379 | 25.55% |
3 | Ukrainians | 0.71% | 92 | 0.01% | 15769 | 1.32% | 28086 | 2.07% | 36044 | 2.46% | 48271 | 3.08% | 29012 | 2.12% | 27722 | 2.07% | |
four | Belarusians | 10930 | 0.91% | 18732 | 1.38% | 23461 | 1.60% | 27711 | 1.77% | 17241 | 1.26% | 15504 | 1.16% | ||||
five | Finns | 401 | 0.04% | 1088 | 0.10% | 16699 | 1.40% | 18537 | 1.37% | 17753 | 1.21% | 16622 | 1.06% | 11837 | 0.86% | 10639 | 0.79% |
6 | Tatars | 166 | 0.01% | 1534 | 0.13% | 2204 | 0.16% | 3195 | 0.22% | 4058 | 0.26% | 2582 | 0.19% | 2445 | 0.18% | ||
7 | Latvians | 1966 | 0.18% | 5435 | 0.48% | 2888 | 0.24% | 3286 | 0.24% | 3963 | 0.27% | 3135 | 0.20% | 2330 | 0.17% | 2196 | 0.16% |
eight | Lithuanians | 436 | 0.04% | 253 | 0.02% | 1616 | 0.14% | 2356 | 0.17% | 2379 | 0.16% | 2568 | 0.16% | 2116 | 0.15% | 2050 | 0.15% |
9 | Poles | 969 | 0.09% | 1608 | 0.14% | 2256 | 0.19% | 2651 | 0.20% | 2897 | 0.20% | 3008 | 0.19% | 2193 | 0.16% | 2012 | 0.15% |
ten | Germans | 18319 | 1.65% | 16346 | 1.45% | 670 | 0.06% | 7850 | 0.58% | 3944 | 0.27% | 3466 | 0.22% | 1870 | 0.14% | 1912 | 0.14% |
eleven | Jews | 4566 | 0.41% | 4434 | 0.39% | 5433 | 0.45% | 5282 | 0.39% | 4954 | 0.34% | 4613 | 0.29% | 2145 | 0.16% | 1801 | 0.13% |
12 | Swedes | 7850 | 7641 | 0.68% | 435 | 0.03% | 254 | 0.02% | 297 | 0.02% | 300 | 0.02% | |||||
13 | other | 11467 | 1.04% | 4266 | 0.38% | 6116 | 0.51% | 6883 | 0.51% | 9042 | 0.62% | 13798 | 0.88% | 17029 | 1.24% | 9069 | 0.68% |
The following table lists ethnic groups of less than 2 thousand according to the 2000 census [27] .
Nationality | people |
---|---|
Estonia | 1370052 |
Armenians | 1444 |
Azerbaijanis | 880 |
Moldovans | 645 |
Mordva | 562 |
Romanians | 542 |
Chuvashi | 495 |
Georgians | 430 |
Karels | 430 |
Ingermanlanders | 358 |
Swedes | 300 |
Mari | 245 |
Udmurts | 241 |
Bulgarians | 204 |
Hungarians | 172 |
Koreans | 169 |
Bashkirs | 152 |
Greeks | 150 |
Komi | 138 |
The americans | 133 |
Uzbeks | 132 |
Kazakhs | 127 |
Lezgins | 121 |
Ossetians | 116 |
other nations | 1224 |
not defined | 7919 |
The national composition of the population of Estonia as a percentage of the data for 2009 was as follows [21] :
- Estonians 68.8%
- Russians 25.6%,
- Ukrainians 2.1%,
- Belarusians 1.2%,
- Finns 0.8%,
- other - 1.5%.
Ethnic composition of Estonian regions
2000
National composition of Estonian county census 2000: [28]
county | Total | es tone- tsy | % | rus- skies | % | uk- Rain tsy | % | be- lo RU- sy | % | financial us | % | ta- ta- ry | % | la- you- shi | % | by- for- ki | % | ev- yards | % | whether tov- tsy | % | not tsy | % | county |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESTONIA | 1370052 | 930219 | 67.90% | 351178 | 25.63% | 29012 | 2.12% | 17241 | 1.26% | 11837 | 0.86% | 2582 | 0.19% | 2330 | 0.17% | 2193 | 0.16% | 2145 | 0.16% | 2116 | 0.15% | 1870 | 0.14% | ESTONIA |
Valgamaa | 35796 | 29525 | 82.48% | 4467 | 12.48% | 511 | 1.43% | 233 | 0.65% | 201 | 0.56% | 20 | 0.06% | 375 | 1.05% | 43 | 0.12% | 13 | 0.04% | 41 | 0.11% | 55 | 0.15% | Valgamaa |
Viljandima | 57974 | 54325 | 93.71% | 2108 | 3.64% | 382 | 0.66% | 103 | 0.18% | 584 | 1.01% | eleven | 0.02% | 70 | 0.12% | 37 | 0.06% | 9 | 0.02% | 44 | 0.08% | 46 | 0.08% | Viljandima |
Võrumaa | 39882 | 37496 | 94.02% | 1668 | 4.18% | 182 | 0.46% | 57 | 0.14% | 153 | 0.38% | 7 | 0.02% | 60 | 0.15% | 12 | 0.03% | 6 | 0.02% | 12 | 0.03% | 13 | 0.03% | Võrumaa |
Ida-Virumaa | 179702 | 35917 | 19.99% | 124961 | 69.54% | 4810 | 2.68% | 5237 | 2.91% | 2580 | 1.44% | 637 | 0.35% | 359 | 0.20% | 529 | 0.29% | 199 | 0.11% | 332 | 0.18% | 493 | 0.27% | Ida-Virumaa |
Jogevamaa | 38297 | 34334 | 89.65% | 2971 | 7.76% | 267 | 0.70% | 98 | 0.26% | 317 | 0.83% | eight | 0.02% | 22 | 0.06% | eleven | 0.03% | 2 | 0.01% | 20 | 0.05% | 34 | 0.09% | Jogevamaa |
Läänemaa | 28644 | 25011 | 87.32% | 2589 | 9.04% | 406 | 1.42% | 143 | 0.50% | 143 | 0.50% | 31 | 0.11% | 20 | 0.07% | ten | 0.03% | eight | 0.03% | 36 | 0.13% | 36 | 0.13% | Läänemaa |
Lääne-Virumaa | 67801 | 57148 | 84.29% | 7318 | 10.79% | 940 | 1.39% | 417 | 0.62% | 1115 | 1.64% | 55 | 0.08% | 42 | 0.06% | 91 | 0.13% | nineteen | 0.03% | 132 | 0.19% | 65 | 0.10% | Lääne-Virumaa |
Pärnumaa | 91212 | 79249 | 86.88% | 8509 | 9.33% | 1205 | 1.32% | 359 | 0.39% | 619 | 0.68% | 71 | 0.08% | 153 | 0.17% | 83 | 0.09% | 39 | 0.04% | 105 | 0.12% | 141 | 0.15% | Pärnumaa |
Polvamaa | 32695 | 30866 | 94.41% | 1357 | 4.15% | 157 | 0.48% | 28 | 0.09% | 136 | 0.42% | four | 0.01% | 18 | 0.06% | 2 | 0.01% | 0 | 0.00% | five | 0.02% | eleven | 0.03% | Polvamaa |
Raplamaa | 37593 | 34874 | 92.77% | 1540 | 4.10% | 300 | 0.80% | 153 | 0.41% | 340 | 0.90% | eight | 0.02% | thirty | 0.08% | 12 | 0.03% | 2 | 0.01% | 23 | 0.06% | 50 | 0.13% | Raplamaa |
Saaremaa | 35951 | 35268 | 98.10% | 383 | 1.07% | 79 | 0.22% | 28 | 0.08% | 65 | 0.18% | one | 0.00% | sixteen | 0.04% | 3 | 0.01% | one | 0.00% | 7 | 0.02% | 6 | 0.02% | Saaremaa |
Tartumaa | 149602 | 122954 | 82.19% | 20894 | 13.97% | 1520 | 1.02% | 567 | 0.38% | 1565 | 1.05% | 102 | 0.07% | 140 | 0.09% | 160 | 0.11% | 162 | 0.11% | 126 | 0.08% | 155 | 0.10% | Tartumaa |
Harju County | 525682 | 306850 | 58.37% | 171009 | 32.53% | 17789 | 3.38% | 9748 | 1.85% | 3594 | 0.68% | 1619 | 0.31% | 991 | 0.19% | 1156 | 0.22% | 1679 | 0.32% | 1212 | 0.23% | 691 | 0.13% | Harju County |
Hiiumaa | 10440 | 10245 | 98.13% | 105 | 1.01% | 20 | 0.19% | ten | 0.10% | 15 | 0.14% | 0 | 0.00% | eight | 0.08% | 2 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.02% | Hiiumaa |
Jarvamaa | 38781 | 36157 | 93.23% | 1299 | 3.35% | 444 | 1.14% | 60 | 0.15% | 410 | 1.06% | eight | 0.02% | 26 | 0.07% | 42 | 0.11% | four | 0.01% | nineteen | 0.05% | 72 | 0.19% | Jarvamaa |
2011
National composition of counties of Estonia as estimated for 2011: [29]
county | Total | es tone- tsy | % | rus- skies | % | uk- Rain tsy | % | be- lo RU- sy | % | financial us | % | ta- ta- ry | % | la- you- shi | % | whether tov- tsy | % | by- for- ki | % | not tsy | % | ev- yards | % | county |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESTONIA | 1340194 | 924100 | 68.95% | 341450 | 25.48% | 27530 | 2.05% | 15315 | 1.14% | 10494 | 0.78% | 2428 | 0.18% | 2177 | 0.16% | 2046 | 0.15% | 1993 | 0.15% | 1918 | 0.14% | 1770 | 0.13% | ESTONIA |
Valgamaa | 33889 | 27999 | 82.62% | 4246 | 12.53% | 504 | 1.49% | 217 | 0.64% | 171 | 0.50% | 18 | 0.05% | 364 | 1.07% | 42 | 0.12% | thirty | 0.09% | 52 | 0.15% | eight | 0.02% | Valgamaa |
Viljandima | 55275 | 52201 | 94.44% | 1852 | 3.35% | 371 | 0.67% | 91 | 0.16% | 477 | 0.86% | 15 | 0.03% | 61 | 0.11% | 43 | 0.08% | 28 | 0.05% | 45 | 0.08% | eight | 0.01% | Viljandima |
Võrumaa | 37494 | 35514 | 94.72% | 1494 | 3.98% | 167 | 0.45% | 52 | 0.14% | 132 | 0.35% | four | 0.01% | 54 | 0.14% | eight | 0.02% | ten | 0.03% | 13 | 0.03% | five | 0.01% | Võrumaa |
Ida-Virumaa | 167542 | 32838 | 19.60% | 119774 | 71.49% | 4409 | 2.63% | 4387 | 2.62% | 2222 | 1.33% | 603 | 0.36% | 295 | 0.18% | 302 | 0.18% | 466 | 0.28% | 506 | 0.30% | 143 | 0.09% | Ida-Virumaa |
Jogevamaa | 36550 | 33053 | 90.43% | 2742 | 7.50% | 260 | 0.71% | 81 | 0.22% | 267 | 0.73% | 7 | 0.02% | nineteen | 0.05% | nineteen | 0.05% | eight | 0.02% | thirty | 0.08% | 2 | 0.01% | Jogevamaa |
Läänemaa | 27283 | 23975 | 87.88% | 2452 | 8.99% | 372 | 1.36% | 124 | 0.45% | 122 | 0.45% | 28 | 0.10% | nineteen | 0.07% | 36 | 0.13% | 7 | 0.03% | 35 | 0.13% | four | 0.01% | Läänemaa |
Lääne-Virumaa | 66861 | 57141 | 85.46% | 6866 | 10.27% | 912 | 1.36% | 374 | 0.56% | 982 | 1.47% | 48 | 0.07% | 40 | 0.06% | 117 | 0.17% | 84 | 0.13% | 61 | 0.09% | eleven | 0.02% | Lääne-Virumaa |
Pärnumaa | 88327 | 77519 | 87.76% | 7989 | 9.04% | 1144 | 1.30% | 297 | 0.34% | 530 | 0.60% | 68 | 0.08% | 139 | 0.16% | 103 | 0.12% | 63 | 0.07% | 150 | 0.17% | 29 | 0.03% | Pärnumaa |
Polvamaa | 30778 | 29172 | 94.78% | 1235 | 4.01% | 161 | 0.52% | 25 | 0.08% | 122 | 0.40% | four | 0.01% | 15 | 0.05% | four | 0.01% | one | 0.00% | 9 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | Polvamaa |
Raplamaa | 36652 | 34252 | 93.45% | 1405 | 3.83% | 289 | 0.79% | 136 | 0.37% | 288 | 0.79% | 6 | 0.02% | 24 | 0.07% | 22 | 0.06% | 7 | 0.02% | 42 | 0.11% | one | 0.00% | Raplamaa |
Saaremaa | 34577 | 33998 | 98.33% | 341 | 0.99% | 80 | 0.23% | 24 | 0.07% | 62 | 0.18% | 2 | 0.01% | 17 | 0.05% | 7 | 0.02% | 3 | 0.01% | five | 0.01% | one | 0.00% | Saaremaa |
Tartumaa | 150535 | 125305 | 83.24% | 20110 | 13.36% | 1465 | 0.97% | 550 | 0.37% | 1472 | 0.98% | 100 | 0.07% | 145 | 0.10% | 121 | 0.08% | 160 | 0.11% | 155 | 0.10% | 143 | 0.09% | Tartumaa |
Harju County | 528468 | 317625 | 60.10% | 169656 | 32.10% | 16915 | 3.20% | 8904 | 1.68% | 3289 | 0.62% | 1520 | 0.29% | 956 | 0.18% | 1205 | 0.23% | 1085 | 0.21% | 745 | 0.14% | 1410 | 0.27% | Harju County |
Hiiumaa | 10,000 | 9835 | 98.35% | 102 | 1.02% | 17 | 0.17% | 9 | 0.09% | 14 | 0.14% | 0 | 0.00% | 7 | 0.07% | one | 0.01% | one | 0.01% | 2 | 0.02% | one | 0.01% | Hiiumaa |
Jarvamaa | 35963 | 33673 | 93.63% | 1186 | 3.30% | 464 | 1.29% | 44 | 0.12% | 344 | 0.96% | five | 0.01% | 22 | 0.06% | sixteen | 0.04% | 40 | 0.11% | 68 | 0.19% | four | 0.01% | Jarvamaa |
2013
National composition of Estonian counties for 2017: [30] [31]
county | Total | es tone- tsy | % | rus- skies | % | uk- Rain tsy | % | be- lo RU- sy | % | financial us | % | ta- ta- ry | % | ev- yards | % | la- you- shi | % | whether tov- tsy | % | by- for- ki | % | not tsy | % | county |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESTONIA | 1286479 | 898845 | 69.87% | 324431 | 25.22% | 22368 | 1.74% | 12327 | 0.96% | 7311 | 0.57% | 1973 | 0.15% | 1958 | 0.15% | 1748 | 0.14% | 1694 | 0.13% | 1629 | 0.13% | 1509 | 0.12% | ESTONIA |
Valgamaa | 29498 | 24536 | 83.18% | 3607 | 12.23% | 450 | 1.53% | 175 | 0.59% | 118 | 0.40% | 17 | 0.06% | 13 | 0.04% | 302 | 1.02% | 33 | 0.11% | 29 | 0.10% | 39 | 0.13% | Valgamaa |
Viljandima | 46702 | 44597 | 95.49% | 1255 | 2.69% | 249 | 0.53% | 62 | 0.13% | 279 | 0.60% | 9 | 0.02% | 9 | 0.02% | 38 | 0.08% | 32 | 0.07% | nineteen | 0.04% | thirty | 0.06% | Viljandima |
Võrumaa | 32806 | 31292 | 95.38% | 1125 | 3.43% | 123 | 0.37% | 45 | 0.14% | 83 | 0.25% | 2 | 0.01% | five | 0.02% | 37 | 0.11% | eight | 0.02% | 9 | 0.03% | eleven | 0.03% | Võrumaa |
Ida-Virumaa | 146283 | 28488 | 19.47% | 106508 | 72.81% | 3312 | 2.26% | 3284 | 2.24% | 1338 | 0.91% | 464 | 0.32% | 141 | 0.10% | 210 | 0.14% | 253 | 0.17% | 336 | 0.23% | 346 | 0.24% | Ida-Virumaa |
Jogevamaa | 30671 | 27997 | 91.28% | 2147 | 7.00% | 183 | 0.60% | 61 | 0.20% | 153 | 0.50% | five | 0.02% | 2 | 0.01% | eleven | 0.04% | 17 | 0.06% | 9 | 0.03% | sixteen | 0.05% | Jogevamaa |
Läänemaa | 23810 | 21254 | 89.27% | 1912 | 8.03% | 240 | 1.01% | 87 | 0.37% | 99 | 0.42% | 18 | 0.08% | 7 | 0.03% | nineteen | 0.08% | 27 | 0.11% | five | 0.02% | 37 | 0.16% | Läänemaa |
Lääne-Virumaa | 58806 | 51221 | 87.10% | 5624 | 9.56% | 717 | 1.22% | 256 | 0.44% | 524 | 0.89% | 26 | 0.04% | eleven | 0.02% | 36 | 0.06% | 76 | 0.13% | 50 | 0.09% | 43 | 0.07% | Lääne-Virumaa |
Pärnumaa | 81428 | 72589 | 89.15% | 6539 | 8.03% | 896 | 1.10% | 223 | 0.27% | 406 | 0.50% | 60 | 0.07% | 20 | 0.02% | 126 | 0.15% | 75 | 0.09% | 45 | 0.06% | 89 | 0.11% | Pärnumaa |
Polvamaa | 27028 | 25724 | 95.18% | 1006 | 3.72% | 136 | 0.50% | 13 | 0.05% | 70 | 0.26% | 2 | 0.01% | 3 | 0.01% | 12 | 0.04% | four | 0.01% | four | 0.01% | 7 | 0.03% | Polvamaa |
Raplamaa | 34442 | 32423 | 94.14% | 1313 | 3.81% | 213 | 0.62% | 98 | 0.28% | 181 | 0.53% | ten | 0.03% | 2 | 0.01% | 15 | 0.04% | 7 | 0.02% | 6 | 0.02% | 35 | 0.10% | Raplamaa |
Saaremaa | 30966 | 30403 | 98.18% | 296 | 0.96% | 66 | 0.21% | 18 | 0.06% | 91 | 0.29% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 0.01% | 14 | 0.05% | ten | 0.03% | five | 0.02% | 12 | 0.04% | Saaremaa |
Tartumaa * | 150139 | 127502 | 84.92% | 18362 | 12.23% | 1131 | 0.75% | 405 | 0.27% | 932 | 0.62% | 74 | 0.05% | 129 | 0.09% | 139 | 0.09% | 90 | 0.06% | 109 | 0.07% | 149 | 0.10% | Tartumaa |
Harju County * | 555566 | 344154 | 61.95% | 173878 | 31.30% | 14341 | 2.58% | 7557 | 1.36% | 2820 | 0.51% | 1280 | 0.23% | 1613 | 0.29% | 769 | 0.14% | 1047 | 0.19% | 975 | 0.18% | 655 | 0.12% | Harju County |
Hiiumaa | 8394 | 8270 | 98.52% | 58 | 0.69% | 14 | 0.17% | 9 | 0.11% | 14 | 0.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 0.07% | 2 | 0.02% | one | 0.01% | five | 0.06% | Hiiumaa |
Jarvamaa | 29940 | 28395 | 94.84% | 801 | 2.68% | 297 | 0.99% | 34 | 0.11% | 203 | 0.68% | 6 | 0.02% | one | 0.00% | 14 | 0.05% | 13 | 0.04% | 27 | 0.09% | 35 | 0.12% | Jarvamaa |
* including, by estimation for 2013: [31]
city | Total | es tone- tsy | % | rus- skies | % | uk- Rain tsy | % | be- lo RU- sy | % | financial us | % | ta- ta- ry | % | ev- yards | % | la- you- shi | % | whether tov- tsy | % | by- for- ki | % | not tsy | % | city |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tartu city | 97117 | 79498 | 81.86% | 14191 | 14.61% | 888 | 0.91% | 353 | 0.36% | 677 | 0.70% | 64 | 0.07% | 114 | 0.12% | 112 | 0.12% | 68 | 0.07% | 92 | 0.09% | 114 | 0.12% | Tartu |
Tallinn city | 395392 | 219681 | 55.56% | 145560 | 36.81% | 11558 | 2.92% | 6185 | 1.56% | 2012 | 0.51% | 1019 | 0.26% | 1455 | 0.37% | 627 | 0.16% | 796 | 0.20% | 759 | 0.19% | 488 | 0.12% | Tallinn city |
Citizenship
As a result of the application of the Estonian Citizenship Law, more than 15% of Estonian residents are not its citizens. The most numerous parts of this group are stateless persons (see: non-citizens of Estonia ). [33] and citizens of Russia .
Racism and xenophobia
According to a survey conducted in 2003 by the European Union's research center on racism and xenophobia, Estonian residents are among the most racist among the EU countries. [34]
Languages
Only Estonian is the state language, but Russian , as well as Ukrainian , English , Finnish , German , as well as Võru dialect and Seto are widely used in everyday life.
Russian and Russian-speaking population
The permanent Russian population of Estonia is about 25%. Persons for whom the Russian language is native make up about 30% [35] and are divided into three approximately equal groups: more than 100 thousand hereditary Estonian citizens [36] and citizens who received citizenship by naturalization, citizens of Russia (about 95 thousand) and stateless persons (slightly less than 100 thousand) [37] [38] [39] . For stateless persons, visa-free travel is established in EU countries and Russia (unlike Estonian citizens who require an entry visa to travel to the Russian Federation), they have the right to vote in local elections, but not in parliamentary elections or referendums [40] . These are mainly people who migrated to Estonia during the Soviet period and their descendants.
Based on data from [41] [42] [43]
The red color on the map indicates the settlements of Russian Old Believers in Estonia
In the Prichuda region (the cities of Kallaste and Mustvoe, Peipsiyare volost), Russian Old Believers also lived, migrating to the territory of Estonia in the 18th and 19th centuries .
The number of people receiving Estonian citizenship by naturalization, which has varied since 1999 from 3 to 5 thousand a year, increased in 2004 and 2005 (7072 in 2005), declined sharply in 2008 and amounted to 2,124 people [44] .
Social problems of the Russian-speaking population
Unemployment among the Russian-speaking population is higher than among Estonians. One of the reasons is that many Russians worked at large enterprises of union importance, which unemployment has affected primarily because of a break in production ties.
According to political scientist Alexei Makarkin: [45]
Unemployment in northeastern Estonia, where Russians live compactly (97% are non-Estonians among the population of border Narva ), is twice as high as the national average. Another figure: in Tallinn in 2003, among Estonians under the age of 29 there were more than twice as many people with higher education than among Russians (in 1990 there were approximately equal numbers). Recall that many Russian residents of the country worked in large enterprises of union value, which unemployment has affected in the first place. Accordingly, poverty has sharply increased (on average, the salary of Russians is about 70% of the salary of Estonians), people began to lose perspective. It was these young people who took to the streets of Tallinn and some other cities in order to spit into the organized life of the country in which they turned out to be superfluous people, social outsiders .
Integration or assimilation
The government has applied several government programs to integrate non-Estonians into the Estonian society [46] . A key element of the integration programs was the training of non-Estonians in the Estonian language. [47] [48] In March 1998, the Foundation for the Integration of Non-Estonians was created. [49] There is a system of Russian-language general education (kindergartens, primary and secondary schools). [50] A law on the cultural autonomy of national minorities was adopted [51] , in practice, applicable only to 47.43% of the Russian-speaking community [52] , since only citizens of the Republic of Estonia [44] [53] are subject to its action, in the registration of Russian cultural autonomy the unification of the leader of the Russian Party, Stanislav Cherepanov, was refused [54] .
Part of the Russian community opposes the integration program, seeing in it a plan for the assimilation of the Russian-speaking population. [55] Some political parties and public organizations of Russian-speaking people are dissatisfied with the fact that only those people (of any nationality) whose parents were Estonian citizens before 1940 automatically received Estonian citizenship. They require that all citizens of the former Estonian SSR receive citizenship of the Republic of Estonia without applying for it.
Currently, a person who may apply for Estonian citizenship may apply.
- settled in Estonia until July 1, 1990, and has a residence permit at the time of the application, or
- has at the time of filing of the application a residence permit of a long-term resident or a permanent right of residence.
If one of these conditions is fulfilled, then the person who wants to obtain Estonian citizenship must:
- be at least 15 years old;
- know the Estonian language “ at the level necessary for everyday life ” (the level of knowledge of the language is determined by passing an exam at the State Examination and Qualification Center);
- pass an examination on the knowledge of the Constitution and the Law on Citizenship;
- live in Estonia before filing an application on the basis of a residence permit or right of residence for at least 8 years, of which the last 5 years have been permanent;
- prove the existence of legal permanent income in the last 6 months in the amount of about 1,000 Estonian kroons per month for each family member, including dependents;
- have a registered residence in Estonia;
- prove loyalty to the Estonian state;
- take an oath of allegiance to him;
The procedure of waiting for a decision on granting or denying citizenship after the fulfillment of all these requirements takes a little over a year [56] .
Despite the opportunities provided, many are not trying to acquire citizenship. For example, parents of about three thousand children under 15 years old, who have the right to apply for a simplified procedure for obtaining Estonian citizenship for their children, have not yet taken advantage of this opportunity. Most of these potential citizens are in Tallinn and Ida-Virumaa [57] .
International community
20 сентября 2007 председатель Парламентской ассамблеи Совета Европы ( ПАСЕ ) Рене ван дер Линден заявил после посещения Эстонии, что страна слишком медлит с принятием в своё гражданство проживающего в стране русскоязычного меньшинства [58] . Также 28 сентября 2007 года ООН распространила заявление о своём предложении Эстонии сделать русский язык вторым государственным и учитывать интересы русскоязычных граждан [59] .
Несмотря на то, что русский язык не признан официальным, он используется различными правительственными учреждениями Эстонии [60] [61] [62] .
1 сентября 2007 года , впервые после восстановления Эстонией независимости в 1991 году , телеобращение главы государства к стране вещалось с субтитрами на русском языке [63] .
Religion
Согласно результатам опроса в 2005 году [64] , 16 % жителей страны ответили, что «они верят в существование Бога», в то время как 54 % ответили, что «верят в то, что существуют некие высшие силы», и 26 % — что «они не верят в Бога или иные высшие силы». Это, если верить исследованию, делает эстонцев самой нерелигиозной нацией из 25 членов Европейского союза . Исследование, проведенное в 2006—2008 годах Институтом Гэллапа , показало, что 14 % эстонцев ответили положительно на вопрос: «Является ли религия важной частью Вашей ежедневной жизни?», что стало наименьшим показателем среди 143 стран, принявших участие в опросе [65] .
Менее трети населения страны считают себя верующими, большинство из которых — лютеране, тогда как русское меньшинство относит себя к православию. Древние традиции равноденствий (например, ) поддерживаются с большим уважением. По данным переписи населения 2011 года, 29 % населения относят к одной из следующих религий:
Religion | 2000 [66] | 2011 [67] [68] | Dynamics |
---|---|---|---|
Orthodoxy | 143 552 (12,8 %) | 176 773 (16 %) | ▲ |
Lutheranism | 152 237 (13,6 %) | 108 513 (10 %) | ▼ |
Baptism | 6 009 | 4 507 | ▼ |
Католичество | 5 745 | 4 501 | ▼ |
Свидетели Иеговы | 3 823 | 3,938 | ▲ |
Старообрядчество | 2 515 | 2 605 | ▲ |
свободные христианские communities | 223 | 2 189 | ▲ |
Пятидесятники | 2 648 | 1 855 | ▼ |
Ислам | 1,387 | 1,508 | ▲ |
Адвентизм | 1 561 | 1 194 | ▼ |
Methodism | 1 455 | 1 098 | ▼ |
другие религии | 4 485 | ||
всего верующих | 29% | 320 872 (29%) | ▬ |
Также имеют место небольшие группы прочих протестантских деноминаций , иудеев и буддистов . В Эстонии официально зарегистрировано несколько эстонских языческих организаций ( Маавалла Кода , Маауск , Таарауск ) [69] , а также зарегистрирована одна русская языческая община в Тарту (Vene Rahvausu Kogudus Eestis) [70] .
В Советской Эстонии власти активно вмешивались в церковные дела, деятельность религиозных организаций была крайне ограничена, хотя в некоторых храмах, в том числе православных, совершались богослужения. Действовал основанный в 1898 году Пюхтицкий Успенский женский монастырь . С 1946 по 1982 годы была строго запрещена публикация и ввоз религиозной литературы.
В настоящее время никаких ограничений на религиозную деятельность не существует. Среди верующих преобладают лютеране и православные (в том числе эстонцы ), встречаются также баптисты , методисты , адвентисты седьмого дня ( Эстонская конференция Транс-Европейского дивизиона ), католики , пятидесятникии др. В 1993 году был принят специальный закон о деятельности церквей и приходов. В настоящее время на территории Эстонии зарегистрировано 8 церквей, 8 приходных союзов и 66 частных приходов. В 1993 году была восстановлена деятельность Эстонской православной церкви , которая с 1996 подчиняется Константинопольскому патриархату. Действует и Русская православная церковь, подчиняющаяся Московскому патриархату. Взаимоотношения двух православных церквей являются одной из причин, затрудняющих эстонско-российский политический диалог.
Notes
- ↑ Most requested statistics Statistics Estonia
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ PHC2011 - History of Population Censuses in Estonia . stat.ee .
- ↑ В прошлом году из Эстонии уехали почти 11 000 человек - на 4500 человек больше, чем годом раньше - Delfi . Дата обращения 23 января 2013. Архивировано 1 февраля 2013 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Eesti Statistika. Population by sex and age group, 1 January
- ↑ ИА REGNUM: За год население Эстонии уменьшилось на 10 тысяч человек
- ↑ Население Эстонии неуклонно сокращается МК Эстония
- ↑ В 2013 году население Эстонии сократилось до 1 315 819 человек Baltic Course
- ↑ В прошлом году население Эстонии сокращалось из-за низкой рождаемости
- ↑ Raun, Toivo. Estonia and the Estonians . — Hoover Press, 2001. — ISBN 0817928529 . . — С. 270.
- ↑ 1712 год — оценка Toivo Raun ; 2009 год — из [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ 1 2 15 новых независимых государств. Численность населения на начало года, 1950-2015, тысяч человек
- ↑ [4]
- ↑ Растет число жителей Эстонии, покидающих страну (рус.)
- ↑ Прирост населения Эстонии в 2010 году спустя 20 лет вновь был позитивным
- ↑ Main demographic indicators (англ.)
- ↑ Latest figures on the demographic challenges in the EU (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 2 апреля 2011. Архивировано 23 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ World Population Prospects - Population Division . United Nations. Дата обращения 26 августа 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Rahvaarv rahvuse järgi, 1. jaanuar, aastad 2001—2010 (эст.)
- ↑ 1 2 EESTI - ERINEVATE RAHVUSTE ESINDAJATE KODU
- ↑ Демоскоп. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР: ЭССР
- ↑ Демоскоп. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР: ЭССР
- ↑ Демоскоп. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР: ЭССР
- ↑ 2000 (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 23 октября 2018. Архивировано 17 июля 2011 года.
- ↑ Демоскоп. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР: ЭССР
- ↑ Population by ethnic nationality, mother tongue and citizenship Архивная копия от 17 июля 2011 на Wayback Machine (англ.)
- ↑ Перепись населения Эстонии 2000 г. Национальный состав регионов (англ.)
- ↑ Национальный состав регионов Эстонии по оценке на 2011 год (англ.)
- ↑ Национальный состав регионов Эстонии по оценке на 2013 год (англ.)
- ↑ 1 2 POPULATION BY SEX, ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND COUNTY, 1 JANUARY // Статистическая служба Эстонии (англ.)
- ↑ Citizenship (недоступная ссылка) . Estonia.eu (2 июля 2010). Дата обращения 20 августа 2010. Архивировано 31 мая 2012 года.
- ↑ Полещук В. Предисловие к российскому изданию // Неграждане в Эстонии. — Центр информации по правам человека. . Цитата: «Термин „апатриды“ будет применяться к резидентам советской эпохи , не имеющим никакого гражданства . Эстонские власти обычно называют их „лицами с неопределенным гражданством“»
- ↑ Исследование: эстонцы негативно относятся к людям других рас | In the world | News line "RIA News"
- ↑ Population figure and composition
- ↑ Русские как меньшинства (пример Эстонии)
- ↑ на 2 февраля 2011 года число лиц без гражданства в Эстонии составило 97 080 человека — 7,1 % населения
- ↑ Citizenship — Estonia.eu (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 18 февраля 2011. Архивировано 27 августа 2010 года.
- ↑ Состав населения Эстонии по гражданству
- ↑ Паэт: Безвизовый режим для неграждан — двуличность России
- ↑ О. Г. Ровнова. О современном языке староверов Западного Причудья. Очерки по истории и культуре староверов Эстонии. Тарту, 2004
- ↑ Estonian ministry of foreign affairs. Russian Old Believers in Estonia (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 23 октября 2018. Архивировано 5 июня 2011 года.
- ↑ Официальный сайт русских староверов Эстонии
- ↑ 1 2 Данные Департамента гражданства и миграции
- ↑ Алексей Макаркин: Почему русские не отстояли Солдата?
- ↑ Андрей Бабин Postimees: На интеграцию дадут около миллиарда На интеграцию дадут около миллиарда. Postimees
- ↑ Интеграция в Эстонии: Интервью директора эстонского Целевого учреждения интеграции Мати Луйка ИА REGNUM
- ↑ Журнал ПОЛИТЭКС — ПОЛИТическая ЭКСпертиза — Ширяев А. В. Механизмы этнического контроля в Эстонской республике
- ↑ Сайт Фонда интеграции
- ↑ Числовые данные о школах с русским языком обучения на сайте министерства образования (2007 год)
- ↑ http://www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=27193/V%E4hemusrahvuste+kultuuriautonoomia.pdf
- ↑ Данные на 1 января 2008 года
- ↑ База данных по народонаселению Департамента статистики ЭР
- ↑ DELFI.ee: Русской культурной автономии пока не будет , 26 февраля 2009
- ↑ Молодежь Эстонии 02.03.00: Министр успокаивает: ассимиляции не предвидится
- ↑ Условия и процедура ходатайства о гражданстве Эстонии
- ↑ Возможностью упрощённого получения гражданства пренебрегли тысячи детей
- ↑ ИА «REGNUM», «Глава ПАСЕ: Эстония медлит с принятием в гражданство русскоязычных», 20 сентября 2007
- ↑ ООН предлагает Эстонии сделать русский язык вторым государственным и учитывать интересы русскоязычных граждан // Новости NEWSru.com
- ↑ Сайт президента ЭР на русском языке
- ↑ Государственный портал Эстонии на русском языке
- ↑ Сайт эстонской полиции на русском языке
- ↑ Телеобращение Ильвеса 1 сентября впервые будет с русскими субтитрами
- ↑ Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 (PDF). Дата обращения 27 июля 2011. Архивировано 21 августа 2011 года.
- ↑ What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common . Институт Гэллапа (9 февраля 2009). Дата обращения 27 июля 2011. Архивировано 27 августа 2011 года.
- ↑ Statistical database: Population Census 2000 – Religious affiliation (недоступная ссылка) . Департамент статистики Эстонии (22 октября 2002). Дата обращения 27 июля 2011. Архивировано 27 августа 2011 года.
- ↑ Православная община переросла лютеранскую - Газета - Postimees.ru
- ↑ В Эстонии православных оказалось больше, чем лютеран / Православие.Ru
- ↑ Religare: Эстония теряет христианскую идентичность. Десятая часть населения уже приняла язычество
- ↑ Uut usuühendust juhib ülemvaimulikuna Vene Erakonna Eestis poliitik (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 7 января 2013. Архивировано 9 января 2014 года.
See also
- Эстонизация
Links
- Перепись в Эстонии принесла больше вопросов, чем ответов Демоскоп Weekly
- Русские в ближнем зарубежье Демоскоп Weekly
- Численность населения 1881–2000 stat.ee
- Population Statistics , Population by Nationality (англ.)